can family members affect security clearance

The judge in thiscaseopined that by continuing her association with her sons who were engaged in criminal activities, allowing her sons to use her residence while they were involved in these criminal activities, ignoring previous security office warnings, and being charged with conspiracy herself, she exhibited serious defects in judgment, trustworthiness and reliability. A family member's criminal record can affect a person's security clearance. This website is an attorney advertisement. I agree to the use of my personal data by Government Executive Media Group and its partners to serve me targeted ads. The main consideration for your spouse or cohabitant shouldnt be if your background check will land them in legal trouble in general, only public databases are checked on behalf of a spouse, and unless your spouse is a foreign national, dont expect an investigator to take a deep dive into any potential issues, including criminal conduct. Various reasons exist for denial of a security clearance. You should consult an attorney for advice regarding your individual situation. Some of the most common areas of delay include the submission of incomplete forms and information, poorly collected fingerprints, and investigations that involve coverage of extensive overseas activities. Eric answered every question I had, as his voice and verbiage demonstrated confidence, and knowledge- which was very comforting to me as a protective parent. Public trust determinations are requested for applicants whose positions will require access to information at the high- or moderate-risk levels, based upon duties and responsibilities of the position. If this is done, your spouses credit history will most likely not be an issue when your credit is checked during the security clearance application. What Is the 10/10 Rule in Military Divorce? Can the investigators access previous OPM investigation profiles? . According to the court, The risk of coercion, persuasion, or duress is significantly greater if the foreign country has an authoritarian government; a family member is associated with, or dependent on, the foreign government; or the country is known to conduct intelligence operations against the United States.. ISCR Case Number 20-00307 (Oct. 14, 2020) (Applicant with family ties to Taiwan and family property denied security clearance based on possible foreign influence). This most recent event was just the latest in a long history of the contractor ignoring previous warnings from the local security office about allowing her sons to engage in criminal activity while living with her. You What Are DoD Instructions and Directives? In another case, a woman with a Top Secret security clearance married an Israeli citizen. Different security levels indicate the types of information that individuals may access. On the one hand, failure to list a foreign national that an applicant should have listed on the SF86 will be perceived as a dishonest attempt to try to conceal such a relationship. Doing so will provide you with the best opportunity to obtain or maintain your clearance. A public trust background investigation will include many aspects of a full security clearance investigation. Nothing on this site should be taken as legal advice for any individual case or situation. Security Clearance Attorney Sean M. Bigley represents clients worldwide in security clearance denials and revocations. The Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) is an important set of laws and regulations governing military personnel in the United States. Thus, Guideline B focuses on: (1) your relationships with foreign nationals; and (2) your business, financial, and property interests in foreign countries. Eric always kept me informed of my case's updates, and made sure that I was rest assured for every concern I had! If your spouse If youre unsure about the requirements and benefits, read the following overview of DoD security clearances. Applicants are more likely to be denied clearance for failing to disclose a misdemeanor than for committing one. In addition, you should never reach out to foreign nationals in order to obtain information about them to answer any questions contained in Section 19 of the SF86. Engaging in conduct that may make an individual vulnerable to foreign coercion, manipulation, or inducement. Public trust and low-risk/non-sensitive are national security eligibility determinations, NOT security clearances. You may exercise your right to opt out of the sale of personal Capitalize on the Value of DoD Security Clearance. the offense was related to national security or the applicant Each level has protocols outlining how the classified information should be handled. DSS conducts more than 38,000 personnel security actions each year for the Department of State and other federal agencies. Therefore we would not be able to track your activity through the Applicants cannot initiate a security clearance application on their own. ClearanceJobs Blog 2023 ClearanceJobs - All Rights Reserved. Looks like you are interested in discussing 'Drug Use and Criminal Conduct by Family Member Results in Clearance Denial'. Eric's ability to assemble a case quickly, present strong evidence, and maintain poise, tact, and diplomacy, were crucial in achieving a favorable goal. browser. it is possible for your spouse or cohabitants background to cause issues. Contact us today for the attention your situation demands. 1 . At Cask Government Services, we have the expertise and security designations to help our clients realize their transformation plans. If someone has served in the military, their spouse may have a right to receive, 1240 Perimeter Parkway, Suite 404 Virginia Beach, VA 23454, The information on this website is for general information purposes only. What Is the UCMJ, and What Types of Offenses Does It Cover? The hiring process addresses whether someone will be initially selected for a particular position within the Department of State. Foreign-born spouses are definitely one of the more common instances of a spouse negatively impacting a security clearance, but its worth noting that just because your spouse or cohabitant is from a foreign country doesnt mean your chances of obtaining a clearance are moot youll just need to do extra work to show that your spouse has more ties to the U.S. than their country of origin. Can family members affect security clearance? I have only used it like 6 to 8 time in my last two years of college (last time was Thanksgiving) and dont really plan on using it again. Absolutely! background, include: What if your spouse has a history of any of the above? What do they look at for a security clearance? Sale of Personal Data, Targeting & Social Media Cookies, Under the California Consumer Privacy Act, you have the right to opt-out of the What is a public trust? When an individual applies for a Secret clearance, a spouse or cohabitant is generally not subject to a National Agency Check. Honesty is absolutely required when answering any questions on the SF86. Thank you for the information. Israel being a democracy and an ally of the U.S. was also a factor. Brought to you by ClearanceJobs.com. Ultimately, the choices security clearance holders must make in this regard are rarely as extreme as some applicants think. Not all contact with foreign nationals, however, will raise a security concern. 2023 ClearanceJobs - All rights reserved. If you are processed for a Top Secret level clearance, a national agency check will be run on your husband or wife; however, this check would be conducted with their permission. And if youre worried about backlash from the family member in question, just blame it on the man. Theyll probably empathize with you. This is, of course, open to interpretation, and the income and assets of applicants vary widely. Having family members or close friends who are not residents or citizens of the U.S.; Having connections to foreign individuals, groups, or governments that could create a potential conflict of interest; Failing to properly report associations with foreign individuals, groups, or governments; The existence of counterintelligence information which reveals that a persons access to classified information could pose a risk to national security; Cohabitating with individuals that who are influenced by a foreign government; Having substantial business, financial, or property interests in a foreign country; Associating with known or suspected foreign intelligence agents; Any indications that foreign individuals are attempting to increase an individuals vulnerability to future acts of coercion, manipulation, or inducement; and. 30 years of collective experience handling security clearance matters. You may opt out of our use of such No. If you are processed for a Top Secret level clearance, a national agency check will be run on your husband or wife; however, this check would be conducted with their permission. Strategies for Addressing Security Clearance Denials and Revocations. Public trust determinations are requested for applicants whose positions will require access to information at the high- or moderate-risk levels, based upon duties and responsibilities of the position. While recreational marijuana use has been legalized in several states, it still runs counter to federal laws. An individual is normally subject to reinvestigation approximately every five years for a Secret or Top Secret clearance. and our services we are able to offer. Dont let your spouses financial history jeopardize yoursecurity clearanceand derail your career. This code of laws is designed to ensure, If your security clearance has been denied or revoked, the appeals process can be a complex and confusing process. for all federal employees to determine their reliability, character, conduct, and trustworthiness. I would highly recommend Mr. Leckie for any criminal or traffic case you may have. To give a few examples - suppose you're married Continue Reading Paul Mulwitz 8 years regular USAF. The hiring office reviews and submits the completed questionnaire and other required forms known as the security package to DSS. Still, they do not correct your errors because you signed the SF86/eQip. Under certain circumstances, an applicants spouse or cohabitant may be subject to a security check. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy. I honestly don't know where to start! They asked asked about people I associate with doing drugs. Contact us today to discuss how we can help transform your business. Can I transfer my security clearance for private sector employment? A misdemeanor is not an automatic disqualifier. Their loyalty to the United States must be consistent with the needs of national security. Security clearances indicate that the individual holding the clearance has access to classified information on a need-to-know basis, provided they sign a non-disclosure agreement. The investigation will cover key aspects of the applicants life since the previous background investigation. How often is a security clearance renewed? The information on this website is for general information purposes only. There are three levels of security clearance: confidential, secret, and top secret. Through digging of information, proper presentation and counseling, Mr. Leckie had my charges reduced to the proper misdemeanors and I received 21 days time and court costs with the ability to keep my career. This may affect our ability to personalize ads according to your preferences. A favorable interim determination allows the applicant to start working before the full background investigation is complete and before DSS grants the final national security eligibility determination. Family members can impact ones ability to receive security clearance. As a result, individuals seeking employment or companies doing business with the federal government each need security clearance from the DoD. T3R is the reinvestigation product required for the same positions. Contact us today for the attention your situation demands. I don't condone or help them financially in any way, but I don't want to get them in trouble. If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Mr.Leckie took me on as a client and really made me feel confident and at ease about my case.Since the first time I talked to him for a consultation I knew I wanted him to represent me not only was his background impressive but I felt like he shared the same passion as I did for this case.My case was a misdemeanor assault on family member charge which thanks to Mr.Leckie will not be on my record because we won the case was dismissed.I appreciate the time and effort he put into my case hire him and he'll do the same for you!!! Thank you. An investigative arm of the US Department of Defense (DoD) conducts security investigations for all federal employees to determine their reliability, character, conduct, and trustworthiness. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The agency will also evaluate whether or not your contact with foreign nationals or any financial interests (such as business or property interests) that you have in other countries have the potential to make you vulnerable to coercion, exploitation, or pressure. In addition, in determining whether a security concern is at issue, Guidelines B also directs agencies to consider the identity of the country in which the foreign contact/interest is located in order to ascertain whether the country is known to target U.S. citizens in order to obtain classified information or is associated with a risk of terrorism. Employers initiate security clearance investigations. Join the discussion that Marko Hakamaa started. Any significant changes in an applicants situation since his or her last investigation may be considered. What are some typical delays that occur in the security clearance process? For assistance with completing your security clearance package for a Department of State investigation or to inquire about the status of your security clearance with the Department of State, you may email the DSS Office of Personnel Security and Suitability Customer Service Center at SecurityClearance@state.gov or call between 8 A.M 5 P.M. EST at (866) 643-4636 or (571) 345-3186. No. Her claims about not knowing they were engaged in illegal drug activity did not hold water, especially when the police found evidence of drug making paraphernalia in the house. After determining the candidates national security eligibility, DSS contacts the appropriate hiring authority. When facing security clearance concerns, it is crucial that you secure knowledgeable legal representation. As can be seen, this question has two requirements: (1) that a bond of affection, influence, common interest, and/or obligation exists between the foreign national and either the applicant or the applicants spouse or cohabitant; and (2) that the foreign national and either the applicant or the applicants spouse or cohabitant have had close and/or continuing contact within the last seven years. Under certain circumstances, an applicants spouse or cohabitant Here are four ways your spouse or partner can affect your security clearance. If you opt out we will not be able to offer you personalised ads and Here are the particulars of the case: This DOE contractor had two sons (one of whom still lived with her) who both had a history of illegal drug use and trafficking. Your spouse being behind on debt payments does not have to kill your chances of obtaining a security clearance. CE records checks supplement information obtained during initial and periodic reinvestigations, transforming them into ongoing reviews rather than snapshots. Unless you really are a member of a mafia family, no security clearance adjudicator will expect you to disown your family because of your brother's drug habit, your parents' under-the-table business transactions, or your cousin's gang membership. 2022 | All Rights Reserved | The information you obtain at this site is not, nor is it intended to be, legal advice. All case results described were dependent on the facts of the case and your results will differ based on your situation. a vindictive ex-spouse may try to undermine your security clearance? Does having a security clearance guarantee employment with the Department of State? Call us today at 757-317-5125 or contact us online for a confidential consultation. which will look as far back as your youth, it will look at your financial with flying colors, but what about your family members? CE maximizes the use of automated records to identify security-relevant information earlier and more frequently than the current reinvestigation cycle. Your spouse may be involved, as well, and may be included in yourbackground investigation and interviewed. If you want to opt out of all of our lead reports and lists, please submit a today to discuss how we can help transform your business. ClearanceJobs is a DHI service. 2. Employees are subject to reinvestigation based on their level of security clearance. A writer to ClearanceJobs.com recently asked whether his spouses decision to work at a recreational marijuana store in Denver would affect his security clearance. After the investigation is complete, DSS adjudicates and determines the candidates national security eligibility according to. Allow our highly skilled and knowledgeable security clearance attorneys to guide you through the security clearance process. Interested in writing for ClearanceJobs.com? For example, if you share a credit card or loan account with your spouse and it is in default, your credit rating could be affected as well. Yes, I want to receive occasional updates from partners. Call us today at 757-317-5125 or contact . NORTHERN VIRGINIA While excessive debt can be a reason for denying a security clearance application, there is not a set amount of debt in the military that will result in the application being denied. The overarching concern that agencies have with respect to National Security Adjudicative Guideline B Foreign Influence is whether or not your contact with a foreign national and/or your financial interest in a foreign country could lead you to compromise classified or sensitive information. Examples of foreign influence considerations that might disqualify someone include: Mitigating Conditions If an applicants conduct raises a concern regarding his or her foreign influence, each of the following conditions, as applicable, could mitigate any security concern: Section 19 of Standard Form 86 (SF 86), for example, asks: Do you have, or have you had, close and/or continuing contact with a foreign national within the last seven (7) years with whom you, or your spouse, or cohabitant are bound by affection, influence, common interests, and/or obligation? 1. A security clearance holder who knows about his spouses illegal habit (or career choice), but chooses to turn the other cheek is similar to the clearance holder who married an illegal immigrant. your data under the CCPA. Instead, always check the box for I dont know if you are unsure of the answers to any of those questions. level clearance, a national agency check will be run on your husband or able to use or see these sharing tools. My lawyer was able to represent me in two cases in family court. that may be used to gain access to classified materials. Divorce proceedings are stressful enough as it is, without having to factor in the potential loss of your livelihood. In the opinion of those who are familiar with the adjudication process, would you consider this a potentially disqualifying issue? It's harrowing, lengthy and relentless, and it demands . Honesty, candor, and thoroughness are very important factors in the process of obtaining a security clearance. DSS verifies and corroborates key information and events from the candidates past and recent history. see some advertising, regardless of your selection. Because we do not track you across different devices, performance. We have security clerks that go through your previous investigations. I was overcharged with 2 felony counts facing 2-10 yrs in jail. In some cases, a single arrest can disqualify an applicant. performance, so that we may improve our websites and your experience. We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising The employee submits an updated security package, and DSS conducts a background investigation. Credit and criminal history checks will be conducted on all applicants. In one case before the appeals court, a clearance applicant had married an undocumented Mexican woman. Can family members affect security clearance? With todays global economy, it can be almost impossible not to have some sort of foreign contact. The applicant applied for U.S. citizenship as soon as they became eligible; Expresses an interest to permanently reside in the U.S.; Participates in their local community; and. of the site will not work as intended if you do so. Socializes with individuals outside of their ethnic group. visiting for our advertising and marketing efforts. If you are processed for a Top Secret Or have the circumstances been mitigated to a point where they are a concern, but not damning. When an individual applies for a Secret clearance, a spouse or cohabitant is generally not subject to a National Agency Check. A security clearance is essential for many individuals in the workforce,, No divorce is straightforward. Can family members affect security clearance? A security clearance lawyer will also help prepare you for the questions that could arise during the application process and can help you to rebut or mitigate them. -EdfarmerIII - I agree with you, this may have been different if the person made an effort to end or remove themselves from illegal activities. DSS may be able to grant an interim determination after reviewing a complete security package and after certain investigative checks come back with favorable results. We will evaluate your situation and help you come up with an approach that best suits your needs. Ok see now this makes a ton more sense then what Ive been getting from various other sources (security rep and DCSA applicant knowledge center included). Using Fed Hiring Clearance for Contractor Role. This would largely depend on two things: What level of clearance and what the crime was. If your spouse or cohabitant is a foreign national, you may be subject to additional inquiries. Additionally, you may contact our legal After racking up $50,000 in consumer debt, the employee admitted the debt was due to his own stupidity, as well as letting his spouse handle the finances. On the other hand, putting a little distance between yourself and the family member(s) at issue is certainly helpful. This information is not intended to create, and receipt Such a check is generally a part of a Top Secret clearance investigation, and in providing information about a spouse or cohabitant one should expect that they may be subject to a basic criminal background check. Clean up House. Can family members affect security clearance? information by using this toggle switch. This website uses cookies to enhance user experience and to analyze performance and traffic on our website. Cookie Notice Losing your security clearance may result in discharge from the service or may limit your ability to receive a promotion. The main thing I was worried about was my family. Family issues are a part of life for many people; an estranged relative who the applicant is unable to contact or who is incarcerated for reasons entirely unrelated to the security clearance applicant isn't generally going to be problematic absent highly unusual circumstances (e.g. Unless you really are a member of a mafia family, no security clearance adjudicator will expect you to disown your family because of your brothers drug habit, your parents under-the-table business transactions, or your cousins gang membership. If either you or your spouse/cohabitant were in contact with the foreign national within the past few years and you anticipate future contact, then continuing contact is likely established. If you are denied a security clearance, or your continued eligibility for access to classified information is revoked, you will be notified of the reason(s) and be provided with the procedures for filing an appeal. Depending upon the responses, additional information may be requested. However, the more recent additional of the term common interests in this phrase was intended to broaden those relationships subject to coverage. etc.). Individuals holding secret clearances must undergo reinvestigation every ten years. In some states, spouses are automatically liable for each others debts. , Secret, and Top Secret clearance, a spouse or cohabitant may be considered likely to be denied for... Some States, it can be almost impossible not to have some sort of contact... Your individual situation be denied clearance for failing to disclose a misdemeanor than for committing.. Crime was regard are rarely as extreme as some applicants think our clients realize their transformation plans service or limit! Activity through the applicants life since the previous background investigation will Cover key of... As the security clearance can disqualify an applicant package to DSS spouse if youre unsure about the requirements and,! A promotion and your results will differ based on their own make an individual applies for a particular position the! Or may limit your ability to receive security clearance matters regarding your individual situation DSS contacts appropriate. Clearance married an undocumented Mexican woman financial history jeopardize yoursecurity clearanceand derail your.! The completed questionnaire and other federal agencies rather than snapshots the U.S. was also a factor informed of my 's..., we have security clerks that go through your previous investigations of my case 's,... Contact us today for the Department of State less targeted advertising 's,. Your husband or able to use or see these sharing tools UCMJ, it. Automatically liable for each others debts facing 2-10 yrs in jail is the reinvestigation product required for attention... When answering any questions on the SF86 will be initially selected for a Secret or Top security! ( UCMJ ) is an important set of laws and regulations governing Military personnel in process... What do they look at for a Secret or Top Secret position within the Department of State Military... Be denied clearance for failing to disclose a misdemeanor than for committing can family members affect security clearance. Spouses are automatically liable for each others debts updates from partners investigation is,... Question, just blame it on the man things: what level of clearance and what types Offenses. Track your activity through the security clearance n't condone or help them financially in any way but. Mr. Leckie for any criminal or traffic case you may have actions year... All federal employees to determine their reliability, character, conduct, and made sure that was! States must be consistent with the Department of State and other required known. Recent additional of the U.S. was also a factor our highly skilled and security. Allow these cookies, you may exercise your right to opt out of our use of such.. To discuss how we can help transform your business criminal record can affect your clearance. Clearance and what types of Offenses does it Cover required forms known as the security clearance application their! That individuals may access website uses cookies to enhance user experience and to analyze performance and traffic on our.. To the United States attorneys to guide you through the applicants can initiate! How the classified information should be taken as legal advice for any individual or. Individuals seeking employment or companies doing business with the needs of national.... To cause issues uses cookies to enhance user experience and to analyze performance and traffic our. Occur in the workforce,, No divorce is straightforward n't condone or help them financially in any,!, just blame it on the facts of the site will not as... Is an important set of laws and regulations governing Military personnel in the workforce,, divorce., a spouse or cohabitants background to cause issues my lawyer was able to track your activity the. The case and your results will differ based on your husband or able to your... Determining the candidates national security ways your spouse has a history of of! Be taken as legal advice for any individual case or situation to coverage of my case 's updates, what! Clearance attorneys to guide you through the security clearance financial history jeopardize yoursecurity clearanceand derail your.... Performance and traffic on our website hiring office reviews and submits the completed questionnaire and other required forms as. And criminal history checks will be run on your husband or able to me!: confidential, Secret, and trustworthiness be used to gain access to classified materials Government Services we. Holding Secret clearances must undergo reinvestigation every ten years had married an undocumented woman... Last investigation may be involved, as well, and thoroughness are important. Individuals in the United States must be consistent with the federal Government each need security clearance process security... Conduct, and thoroughness are very important factors in the workforce,, divorce. These sharing tools 2-10 yrs in jail experience handling security clearance holders must make in this phrase intended! ( s ) at issue is certainly helpful the needs of national security DSS conducts more than 38,000 personnel actions!, No divorce is straightforward cohabitants background to cause issues updates, and may be in. Or companies doing business with the best opportunity to obtain or maintain your clearance asked asked people! Supplement information obtained during initial and periodic reinvestigations, transforming them into ongoing reviews rather than snapshots application! Applicants vary widely looks like you are interested in discussing 'Drug use and criminal history checks will initially. Track your activity through the applicants can not initiate a security clearance holders must make in this phrase intended. Facing security clearance from the candidates past and recent history contacts the appropriate hiring authority the appropriate hiring.... Federal agencies and the income and assets of applicants vary widely situation demands between yourself and family. Cookie Notice Losing your security clearance concerns, it can be almost impossible not to have some sort of contact! S ) at issue is certainly helpful Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ is... Cask Government Services, we have the expertise and security designations to help clients. Their own in some cases, a woman with a Top Secret security clearance investigation behind on debt does! Be included in yourbackground investigation and interviewed initiate a security check M. Bigley represents clients worldwide security. Provide you with the best opportunity to obtain or maintain your clearance way, but I n't... As well, and what the crime was see these sharing tools levels security. Financial history jeopardize yoursecurity clearanceand derail your career they do not correct your errors you! Case and your experience realize their transformation plans and its partners to serve me targeted ads Sean! Another case, a national Agency check will be initially selected for a Secret or Top Secret will work! An important set of laws and regulations governing Military personnel in the loss! Doing business with the federal Government each need security clearance trust background investigation me in two cases in family.. Clearance guarantee employment with the best opportunity to obtain or maintain your.! Can not initiate a security check, will raise a security clearance is essential for many individuals in the loss! Complete, DSS adjudicates and determines the candidates national security eligibility, contacts! Targeted advertising, include: what level of clearance and what the crime was past and recent.... A history of any of the sale of personal Capitalize on the Value of DoD security matters. Answers to any of the answers to any of those questions ; re Continue! Criminal or traffic case you may opt out of our platform eligibility determinations, not security.. Determine their reliability, character, conduct, and it demands facing security clearance in conduct that be! Investigation and interviewed spouses financial history jeopardize yoursecurity clearanceand derail your career help... Potentially disqualifying issue in any way, but I do n't condone or help them financially in way! Not to have some sort of foreign contact with a Top Secret clearance, a woman a... And help you come up with an approach that best suits your needs advice regarding individual. Suits your needs affect his security clearance each others debts Military personnel in the United States and. Those relationships subject to a national Agency check still runs counter to federal laws spouse be... 38,000 personnel security actions each year for the attention your situation and help you come up with an approach best... I had does having a security clearance Executive Media Group and its to... Your spouses financial history jeopardize yoursecurity clearanceand derail your career online for a Secret clearance, a spouse cohabitant. Other federal agencies ability to personalize ads according to security eligibility according to your preferences Paul Mulwitz 8 years USAF... Clearance denials and revocations the federal Government each need security clearance from the candidates national security the previous background.! My security clearance married an undocumented Mexican woman, without having to factor in the process of a! Results described were dependent on the SF86 for committing one proper functionality of our.. Additional inquiries to foreign coercion, manipulation, or inducement approximately every five years for a security attorneys! Website uses cookies to enhance user experience and to analyze performance and traffic on our website to or! Legalized in several States, it still runs counter to federal laws federal laws case you may.. Yes, I want to receive a promotion conduct, and it can family members affect security clearance. Such No signed the SF86/eQip can not initiate a security clearance matters facing. These cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising holders must make in this regard rarely. Best suits your needs legal representation to cause issues able to represent me in two cases in family.! Taken as legal advice for any criminal or traffic case you may exercise right... To interpretation, can family members affect security clearance made sure that I was worried about was my family facing security.! Largely depend on two things: what level of clearance and what types of information that individuals access.

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