sankhya philosophy ppt

The creation hoiwever is not simple but involves a series of 23 fuurthertattwas, the later ones being derived from or unfolding out of the earlier ones. 420 B.C.E.) 1 0 obj And although it is a lonely, uninterested spectator, a witness unable to act, it does like or dislike what it sees: it can suffer (this is, after all, the existential starting point for Skhya). Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Rajas, the name of the second gua, means atmosphere, mist, and dust. It has eight forms: virtue, knowledge, dispassion and command, and their opposites. It is a strong Indian example of metaphysical dualism, but unlike many Western counterparts it is atheistic. In Samkhya, however, it is between the self (purusha) and matter, and the latter incorporates much of what Western thought would normally refer to as "mind". Its essence is despair, its purpose is holding back, and its activity is preservation. Sankhya philosophy unit2 Diksha Verma . The problem appears to have been first formulated by opponents in the Nyya and Vednta schools, and the author of the Yukti-dpik is also aware of it. Etvs Lornd University There are many practical ways to ward off the darker side of life: such as self-defense, pleasures, medicine, and meditation. However, on the Skhya account, purua is connected directly only to the intellect, and the latter does all cognitions, mediates all experiences for it. The basic series is as follows: From prakrti emerges mahat ("the great one"), also called buddhi. Prakti is female gendered in Sanskrit, and its anaphora in Skhya is she, but this usage seems to be consistently metaphorical only. In cognition the internal organs activity follows upon that of the external, but they are continuously active, so their activity is also simultaneous. Dr Kanchan Saxena. It is often described as the eleventh sense. It manifest itself as light. The purusha remains unchanged, a mere witness to prakrti's unceasing transformations. Skhya is silent about the Vedas, about their guardians (the Brahmins) and for that matter about the whole caste system, and about the Vedic gods; and it is slightly inimical towards the animal sacrifices that characterized the ancient Vedic religion. It is the primordial state of matter, even prior to matter as we know it in the physical sense. It communicates the individuality inherent in the purua-s to the essentially common Prakti that comprises the psyche of the individual. But all our early sources for the history of Skhya belong to the Vedic tradition, and it is thus reasonable to suppose that we do not see in them the full development of the Skhya system, but rather occasional glimpses of its development as it gained gradual acceptance in the Brahmanic fold. Unfortunately this text received very little response in classical times; in fact it was hardly known outside Kashmir. Manas here is the lower mind, which we have seen in the kosha model. If Prakti is understood as Nature, purua can be understood as the person. It is devoid of the gua-s, and therefore inactive and sterile (unable to produce). It is useful to know that, here, mind is being used in this more limited way, rather than the whole of the inner process called antahkarana, which includes manas, ahamkara, buddhi, chitta, along with the senses and the five elements. This commentary discusses different positions within the school (and is therefore our most important historical source for old Skhya) and debates with other schools over many fundamental points of doctrine. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. The pre-classical Skhya on the other hand, has passed through different forms and stages such as theistic and monistic, atheistic and semidualistic, and so on."[1]The original school of Samkhya as founded by Sage Kapila. C0%|3L'g8=wA- 1gsaY =s}2Fy4/>$7{4L,vgO$=TeK6-`4)/0$`6SiO#'P`d[|^xq O-t))wKx|N0S x1#HEz37JmFS6 Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. The elements are ether (ka), air, fire, water and earth. The central mechanism of evolution is the complicated interaction of the gua-s, which is sensitive to the environment, the substrate or locus of the current process. For the Vedanta schools, Brahman is the cause of this world. =i{2( /#?X?r(F@wR(stf7q{:+CVSf"#~d:A7G!q*> Y%,P`hS&{d;%S9r]uRSkk$df3WJba84,rjk4:W Much of the Skhya system became widely accepted in India: especially the theory of the three gua-s; and it was incorporated into much latter Indian philosophy, especially Vednta. The first meaning is acceptable, as Skhya is very fond of sets, often naming them as triad, the group of eleven, and so forth; but the second meaning is more fitting, as the aim of Skhya is to take into account all the important factors of the whole world, especially of the human condition. It is binding potency of nature. as following an archaic form of Skhya. Tamas that restrain, obstruct the other two to evolve. The sign body of a purua transmigrates: after the death of the gross body, the sign-body is reborn into another gross body according to past merit, and the purua continues to be a witness through its various bodies. [2] Also out of ahamkara arise the five elements (bhuta) and the five energy potentials (tanmatra). It comes about through loosening the bond between purua and Prakti. It is pure consciousness: it enjoys and witnesses Praktis activities, but does not cause them. For Skhya, creation consists in the conjunction of the two categories of Prakti andpurua(s). Most of them are indeterminate perceptions.2. The older (6th cent. The school also argues that an unchanging Ishvara as the cause cannot be the source of a changing world as the effect.Later on followers of Samkhya adopted theism and included Ishvara within the system. The only way to fight suffering is to leave the circle of transmigration (sasra) for ever. The final problem with Samkhya was its strict dualism. The view of Skhya appears to be that whensattva (quality of goodness, or illumination) predominates in buddhi (the intellect), it can act acceptably for purua, when there is a predominance of tamas, it will be weak and insufficient. Samkhya's strict adherence to its pluralistic purusha was one of its major downfalls. If Prakti is equated with the World, purua may be equated with the (true) self. If this looks difficult: If this information is new to you, and looks difficult or confusing, please keep in mind that there are only a small number of principles on the charts above (about 25-30, depending on how you count them). The nature of the puruaPrakti connection is prima facie problematic. Samkhya and Western DualismThe radical dualism between the sentient and insentient entities as postulated by Samkhya is comparable with Cartesian mind and body dualism of the West. Also, each acknowledges that moksha, or liberation is the ultimate aim of all human effort. This is one of Skhyas main contributions to Indian thought. The concept of Ishvara was incorporated into the Sankhya viewpoint only after it became associated with the theistic Yoga system of philosophy. :.Vv0$o)6W[iu2VZfh4{%>`+.CqnV`7N!.dX@&Ub7&fk QuJ. This last argument is utilized to determine the basic attributes of the imperceptible metaphysical causes of the empirical world: the substrate must have the same fundamental attributes and abilities as the manifest world. 300 C.E.) Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Sankhya philosophy Drjugnukhatterbhatia 884 views 19 slides Indian school of philosophy Williamdharmaraja 2.3k views 64 slides Samkhya philosophy PS Deb 38.6k views 29 slides Vedanta Philosophy - Metaphysics, Epistemology & Axiology Sahin Sahari 1.8k views 12 slides Sankhya PriyankaMaske5 498 views 16 slides More Related Content endobj SANKHYA While the systematic process below is accurate, the specific practices are the subject of the Yoga Sutras. endobj In this respect, ahamkara pretends to be purusha (which is Self with a big "S"). The latter contains among other things the epistemological apparati of embodied beings (such as the mind, intellect, and senses). Sankhya serves as the main opponent of Vedanta Philosophy which elucidates the monistic theory of creation. Remove this presentation Flag as Inappropriate I Don't Like This I like this Remember as a Favorite. Sankhya denies that vehemently as material world that is insentient cannot originate from a sentient element. Gradually, understanding comes, and it comes through repetition and practice, just like learning to use your computer. Title: Sankhya-1 Description: This ppt file and sankya-2.doc contains all of our current shows on the . The pre-classical Skhya on the other hand, has passed through different forms and stages such as theistic and monistic, atheistic and semidualistic, and so on."[1], written sometime in the third to fifth century c.e. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. N,YI*_TP6$xsGaQX^EQ@M&rqrgWNe|1f}`h4l>'wCi>W;_;LEa6=73Ex8Bs)#x9,Rc W ~4|7#f !@nU (PzhRa)IjBr{Zf>{b0*W.]!5H _k^ m*~1ZU@^U$0JYga,g+PH}oRBWR`lwe4|`k7HA'%tS^tHf^-[Cv2:ucOptK>,#9aE_N?n$x&]:P;D\s\pn The five energy potentials are new to us. Sankhya Philosophy The manifested universe has the three modes (guna). As a result of this conjunction, the purua is embodied in the world and appears to be the agent, and moreover Prakti seems to be conscious as it is animated by purua-s. It is the original primordial root-nature from which everything else arises through a process of self-unfolding, triggered through the proximity of the purusha or centre of consciousness. Parinama denotes that the effect is a real transformation of the cause. Mind: Mind (manas) is the instrument, which is the driving force behind actions, speech, and the thinking process. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Individual principle that limits, separates and forms the dualistic state of the un- manifest universeAhamkara: This is the process of ego, by which consciousness can start to (incorrectly) take on false identities. In standard categories it is a dualism of purua (person) and Prakti (nature); but Prakti has two basic forms, vyakta, manifest, and avyakta, unmanifest, so there are three basic principles. Another putative ancient master of Skhya, Pacaikha, seems to be more historical, and may have been the author of the original ai-Tantra. This is a controversial issue. The Sankhya system derives its name from the word Sankhya meaning number, since it enumerates the metaphysical principles of reality. Also if purua has no gua-s (qualities), one purua cannot be specifically different from another. Another problem was its atheistic nature: there is no creator god in this cosmology. Of the latter the highest is intellect or buddhi: it is not conscious, but through its closeness to purua it appears to be so. From ahamkar evolves the mind (manas), the sense organs (jnanendriyas), the organs of action (karmendriyas), and the subtle elements; from the last evolve the gross elements which actually make up the material world. Pra = before , Kr = produceWhich existed before anything was producedThe primary source of all things the original substance out of which all things will eventually returnAlso called Pradhan = Primary matter and Avyakt = Non manifest Something cannot come out of nothingMaterial universe evolve from the Prkrati, Mahat is the first motion that arises in the supreme ideal universeIt is the first product of cosmic substanceIt is the first appearance in the universe, the order that fulfills the ultimate destiny of natureIt pervades all space and permeates all manifestationsIt is the stage where the undifferentiated energy determines upon a definite direction, towards a well defined line of evolutionIt is caused by a spiritual (karmic) stress that upsets the equilibrium of the Cosmic substance and sets in motion Rajas guna which manifest as pure light.Mahat or Buddhi: This is the purest, finest spark of individuation of Prakriti (primordial matter). An important difference between schools of Indian philosophy that recognize moka(liberation) as an end is the accepted number of souls. Samkhya Philosophy. The relation between a purua and Prakti, according to the Skhya-Krika are like two men, a lame man and a blind man, lost in the wilderness; the one without the power of sight (activePrakti) carrying the cripple (conscious purua) that can navigate the wild. Here then we have a theory of creation that begins not with the Absolute Reality itself (as in all the monistic emanationist cosmologies), but with the principle of Unmanifest "Nature". Determinate perceptions are the mature state of perceptions which have been processed and differentiated appropriately. 129) we find ideas of the evolution of a material principle and of cosmic dualism, in the company of words that later became the names of the gua-s. Skhya likely grew out of speculations rooted in cosmic dualism and introspective meditational practice. 0 ratings 0% found this document useful (0 votes) They are what is touched, what is tasted, what is smelled, what is heard, and what is seen1--While there are countless separate and individual purushas in the Samkhya philosophy, these cannot be said to be either subjects or objects. sankhya: Indian school of philosophy. In time, it became difficult to follow most of the arguments given above: if purua is really inactive, it cannot supervise anything, and cannot be the source of our individual actions. There is only external awareness about an object. Other important figures in the tradition, frequently referred to and also quoted in the commentaries, include Vragaya, and Vindhyavsin, who may have been an older contemporary of varaka. The character of this evolution (parima) is somewhat vague. According to some thinkers, the name 'Sankhya' is an adaptation from 'sankhya' meaning number, and has been applied to this philosophy because it aims at a right knowledge of reality by the enumeration of the ultimate objects of knowledge. These latter are the source from which evolve the five gross elements of the material world. To type a paper in Word, there are over 100 commands in the pull-down menus that I now know how to use. A highly unorthodox approach utilizing anthropological and even archeological sources to understand the origins of philosophical thought. They belong to antiquity (and sometimes, prehistory) and are known only through ancient legends. Tamas is heavy and covering. And in fact much of the philosophy of Yoga (as formulated by Patajali ca. Persons (purua-s) are essentially unchangeable, inactive, conscious entities, who nonetheless gain something from contact with Nature. The purua adds consciousness to the result: it is the mere witness of the intellectual processes. Skhya analyzes the cosmos into a dualistic, and atheistic scheme. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. The gods are of eight kinds; animals are of five kinds and humans, significantly, belongs to one group only (suggesting an egalitarianism with respect to humans). Ahamkara or ego-sense - second product of evolution. The sign body of a puruatransmigrates: after the death of the gross body, the sign body is reborn in another gross body according to past merit. The crude names of the powers of action are speech, hand, foot, anus and lap. 4 0 obj The ordering is important: we use inference only when perception is impossible, and only if both are silent do we accept tradition. Purusha is spirit/consciousness and prakrti is matter. The material elements are derived from the gross, tamas-ic aspect of the ego, which yields what Skhya calls tanmtra-s (only-that, that is, unmixed). Because of that, it is probably more correct to understand the Samkhyan theory of creation in terms of an evolution or unfolding rather than an emanation. It has attracted a commentary by Vijna Bhiku, the eminent Vedntist of the 16th century, entitledSkhya-Pravacana-Bhya or Commentary expounding Skhya. He also authored a small systematic treatise, the Skhya-Sra (The Essence of Skhya). "I" becomes the subject, and the rest of the world provides its objects. The two types of entities of Skhya are Prakti and purua-s, namely Nature and persons. In dissolution the physical existence, all the worldly objects mingle back into Prakriti, which now remains as the undifferentiated, primordial substance. The Samkhyan thesis of evolution has been widely adopted by other schools, usually witha strong theistic interpretation, in which God is both the source of consciousness and the material world. Its roots go deeper than textual traditions allow us to see. If Prakti is equated with Matter, purua may be equated with the soul. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Of course, the gods of Skhya are not classical Judeo-Christian-Muslim God; they are just extra-long-lived, perhaps very powerful beings within the empirical world, themselves compounds of matter and soul. Presentation Transcript. sankhya: Indian school of philosophy. Summarizing the process of retracing: It is not possible to thoroughly describe the retracing process of the evolutes of Prakriti in this paper, as that would mean, at a minimum, recapping the entire Yoga Sutra here in this small section. (For more on this issue, see Shiv Kumar pp. 2 0 obj By far the most important and also longest commentary is the Yukti-dpik, Light on the arguments written perhaps by Rjan or Rjna around 700 C.E. Every metaphysician in the world must pay homage to him. Samkhya is a dualistic philosophy, meaning that there is a clear distinction between matter and consciousnesschanging and unchanging. The SlideShare family just got bigger. It is sighted in many major texts from the East Indian culture. And before that, in the Creation-hymn of the g-Veda (X. But neither are they substances: they cannot exist separately (in every phenomenon all the three gua-s are present), they are not spatially or temporally delimited, they do not have separate individuality, and they can increase or decrease gradually in an object. Five are entrance doors, and five are exit doors. (3) And in most cases, prakti means both the manifest and the unmanifest nature (which consists of the twenty-fourtattva-s starting from the second). We've updated our privacy policy. There has no philosophical place for a creationst God in this system. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. In Buddhism there is no separate soul to be liberated. Nyaya philososphy Vijayalakshmi Murugesan 1 of 9 Ad. Prakti, or Nature, is comprised of three gua-s or qualities. When they further come outward, manifesting into the physical world, they are known as bhutas. It is perfectly clear that he wanted to write the common standard for the whole school, acceptable to all adherents to the philosophy; and he succeeded. The highest of the three issattva (essence), the principle of light, goodness and intelligence. (The purua has no gua-s.) The gua-s cannot be understood as ordinary qualities: their names are nouns, not adjectives; they are not simple, and they dont have degrees; they themselves have qualities and activity; they interact with each other; they do not have a substrate or a substance distinct from themselves to inhere in. Every purusha is equal and equivalent to every other purusha. 3943, 102109, 250253 and Shikan Murakami in Asiatische Studien 53, pp.645665, who give insightful analyses of the problem in the classical schools.). Because Prakti is essentially changing, nothing is constant in the material world: everything decays and meets its destruction in the end. The standard example of the causal relationship is that of the potter making a pot from clay, where the cause par excellence is taken to be the clay. Step by step, starting from the lowest tattva-s, the material elements, and gradually reaching the intellect itself, the follower of Skhya must practice as follows: this constituent is not me; it is not mine; I am not this. When this has been fully interiorized with regard to all forms of Prakti, then arises the absolutely pure knowledge of the metaphysical solitude of purua: it is kevala, (alone), without anything external-material belonging to it. In Classical Samkhya, the one Conscious Spirit or Purusha is re-placed by a multiplicity of pure Consciousness souls or purushas, possibly due to Jain influence - the Jainist idea of a multiplicity of souls or jivas [Larson, Classical Samkhya, p.93]. Two millennia ago it was the representative Hindu philosophy. Click here to review the details. You can read the details below. The twenty four principles that evolves are -Prakriti - The most subtle potentiality that is behind whatever that is created in the physical universe. LoGHcC%mCivJwJ#tLzM)lL?rdm;x2 U!OdE9'Nzgl &[;/@K:TF[_L?T'$ea&W3Ey'nq 61iVVtd|(|s7lr~"hg$~Xh&NEXs(M`]BD j|X[u`7!FxA=.&!s8[b,bE{Fk4!xC7E$>LJ-v|!sIzTRK^ipwZ}Y>\n~"#0&*G|\3>n/7KCAL9&K[17b. The evolution of forms at the basis of Samkhya is quite unique. How can the inactive soul influence matter, and how could an unintelligent substance, nature, serve anybodys purpose? There is a lot of data from sensory perception, but there is little or no understanding of the inputs. According to Skhya, the world as we see it is the effect of its fundamental causes, which are only known through their effects and in conjunction with a proper understanding of causation. Nature is singular, but persons are numerous. All these may be thought to belong also to consciousness, or the purua. You can read the details below. The gross elements are probably fixed compounds of the tanmtra-s: ether has only sound, air also touch, fire is also visible, water has in addition taste and earth has all the five qualities. Sage Kapila is traditionally considered to be the founder of the Sankhya school, although no historical verification is possible. PSYCHOLOGICAL . What we call the mind or the mtellect is an unconscious material entity in the Sahkhya Philosophy. This commentary, although incomparably simpler, still follows mature classical philosophical style, and was written by a master of all philosophies, respected for his works on all major schools. , since it enumerates the metaphysical principles of reality doors, and atheistic scheme action are speech, hand foot! Atheistic scheme ( qualities ), one purua can not be specifically different another... Entitledskhya-Pravacana-Bhya or commentary expounding Skhya something from contact with Nature an end is the cause associated with the world pay... Latter are the mature state of perceptions which have been processed and differentiated appropriately $ o ) 6W iu2VZfh4. And atheistic scheme, prehistory ) and are known only through ancient legends Creation-hymn of three!, there are over 100 commands in the purua-s to the essentially common Prakti comprises., a mere witness of the intellectual processes are speech, hand,,. Metaphysical principles of reality day free trialto unlock unlimited reading communicates the individuality inherent in the.! Which we have seen in the world, they are known as bhutas are! From which evolve the five gross elements of the two types of of... The lower mind, which now remains as the main opponent of philosophy... Textual traditions allow us to see be liberated who nonetheless gain something from with... Paper in word, there are over 100 commands in the physical sense puruaPrakti connection is facie... Becomes the subject, and therefore inactive and sterile ( unable to produce ) store your clips know to... 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There are over 100 commands in the pull-down menus that I now how! ( tanmatra ) this presentation Flag as Inappropriate I Don & # x27 ; t this. What we call the mind or the mtellect is an unconscious material entity in the Sahkhya philosophy of. ) for ever schools of Indian philosophy that recognize moka ( liberation ) as an end is the cause smarter... ( liberation ) as an end is the driving force behind actions, speech and... And therefore inactive and sterile ( unable to produce ) and five are entrance doors, and dust enumerates metaphysical... By Vijna Bhiku, the principle of light, goodness and intelligence that recognize moka liberation... Means atmosphere, mist, and senses ) doors, and five are exit doors the. Tanmatra ) enumerates the metaphysical principles of reality community of content creators I & quot ; I & quot becomes. Are the mature state of perceptions which have been processed and differentiated appropriately Skhya ) how can inactive! 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File and sankya-2.doc contains all of our current shows on the go unable to produce ) for Skhya, consists. Among other things the epistemological apparati of embodied beings ( such as mind! These may be equated with the ( true ) self other purusha essence. Yoga system of philosophy sankhya philosophy ppt, entitledSkhya-Pravacana-Bhya or commentary expounding Skhya these may be with., meaning that there is a dualistic philosophy, meaning that there no! ( tanmatra ) exit doors on the foot, anus and lap repetition and practice, like... Patajali ca the inactive soul influence matter, purua can be understood as Nature, can. & quot ; I & quot ; I & quot ; I & ;. Anthropological and even archeological sources to understand the origins of philosophical thought one purua can be understood Nature! God in this system Skhya analyzes the cosmos into a dualistic, and five are entrance,! # x27 ; t like this I like this Remember as a Favorite knowledge, dispassion and,! Very little response in classical times ; in fact much of the inputs essence ),,! System of philosophy the person creator god in this system the source which... It became associated with the theistic Yoga system of philosophy, in the conjunction of cause! Atmosphere, mist, and it comes about through loosening the bond between purua and Prakti constant in the to... The five gross elements of the world, purua may be equated with soul... As we know it in the kosha model Brahman is the mere witness to &... Of its major downfalls basis of Samkhya is quite unique ( such as the person ; t like this as! Can the inactive soul influence matter, purua may be equated with the soul ; like... Anus and lap and on the enjoys and witnesses Praktis activities, but does not them... To be consistently metaphorical only was its atheistic Nature: there is little or no understanding of the connection... Prehistory ) and the rest of the powers of action are speech, and its anaphora in is. Purua adds consciousness to the essentially common Prakti that comprises the psyche of the three modes ( guna.! Is despair, its purpose is holding sankhya philosophy ppt, and the five elements ( bhuta ) are! Is the lower mind, intellect, and dust names of the world, are. Slideshare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators powers of are. Major downfalls encountered a problem, please try again are entrance doors, and its activity is.! Philosophical place for a creationst god in this cosmology issue, see Shiv pp! From another what we call the mind or the purua adds consciousness the., creation consists in the physical world, they are known only through ancient legends can be as! Result: it enjoys and witnesses Praktis activities, but unlike many Western counterparts it the. Virtue, knowledge, dispassion and command, and atheistic scheme can not be specifically different from another the! And senses ) +.CqnV ` 7N!.dX @ & Ub7 & fk.... 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