physiological function dream theory

Braz J Med Biol Res 1990;23:617-20. Winson J. J Neurosci 1991;11:2804-11. 73. The postynaptic inhibitory control of lumbar motoneurons during the atonia of active sleep: effect of strychnine on motoneuron properties. In some mammals only one hemisphere at a time may be in desynchronized sleep. 87. Simes CA, Valle AC, Timo-Iaria C. Correlation between concomitant theta waves in nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and in the hippocampus, thalamus and neocortex during dreaming in rats. However, psychoanalysts take into account only a few dreams that are occasionally recalled, despite the fact that we dream four or five episodes every night, what means that the fraction of dreams we can recall is a small portion of what we in fact do experience as dreams. Some presently available explanations seem science fiction, rather than true science. 75. 46. Villablanca J. Behavioral and polygraphic study of the "sleep" and "wakefulness" in chronic decerebrate cats. In 1926, for example, Denisova & Figurin (9), recording heart and respiratory rate of sleeping children, found that both changed cyclically, what is presently known to occur as vegetative components of dreaming activity. This causes the amygdala and hippocampus to become active, which help to influence the brain systems that control sensations, memories, and emotions. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1969;163:181-6. Psychoanalysis also considers dreams as the expression of repressed wishes; this is undoubtly true as to only a few dreams, whereas several studies reveal, instead, that most dreams are closely related to the events of the previous day, as Aristotle had already demonstrated. Epub 2010 Nov 12. However, considering the high prevalence of dreams during this phase it should be more appropriately named oniric phase of sleep. Predicting Intention to Participate in Community Physical Activities for Adults with Physical Disabilities. The dream between neuroscience and psychoanalysis. Vertes RP, Kocsis B. Brainstem-diencephalo-septohippocampal systems controlling the theta rhythm of the hippocampus. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Spinal reflexes in normal and unrestrained cats during sleep and wakefulness. Candia et al. 70. 119. Modifications of recurrent discharge of the alpha motoneurons during sleep. Decety J, Jeannerod M, Durozard DR, Baveal J. Sakai K, Sastre JP, Salvert D, Touret M, Toyama M, Jouvet M. Tegmentoreticular projections with special reference to the muscular distonia during paradoxical sleep in the cat. Spectrum, New york 1976:411-449. The posterior areas affected in this syndrome are the visual areas V3, V3a and V4 (97). One is that dreams are generated by the activation of neural activity in the brainstem and its signal transmission to the cortex. As commented upon concerning visual movements, the span of rostrum movements does probably reflect the distance of the olfactory source. 50. Oka T, Iwakiri H, Mori S. Pontine-induced generalized suppression of postural muscle tone in a reflexively standing acute decerebrate cat. In 1936, Klaue (12) described periods of sleep in cats characterized by high frequency electrocorticograms that he considered as a sign of deep sleep and in 1950 Passouant described a phase of desynchronization (a term coined by Adrian to label an increase in frequency with a decrease in voltage) of the EEG potentials in humans. This author "thus proposes a psychoanalytical model of dreaming, in which dreams constitute a way of representing the individual's inner world with internal objects related with one another and with the self" (135). Behav Brain Res 1995;69:13-22. Jouvet (12,119), one of the most important researchers on sleep, suggests that dreaming is "a guardian and programmer of the hereditary part of our personality" and as such it plays a role in our general behavior. We hypothetize that theta waves are commanding signals that recruit in due sequence the circuits that generate wakefulness and desynchronized sleep and their components; their frequency and voltage generally increase in parallel with heart rate and intensity of movements (Valle & Timo-Iaria, unpublished results). Another fancy hypothesis is the one that proposes that we dream to forget, in order to delete "unwanted" information by reverse learning or unlearning (118). In some animals, however, a reduction of heart rate and respiration may occur, what also happens during an attentive wakefulness if they are threatened. Lovblad KO, Thomas R, Jakod PM, Scammel T, Bassetti C, Griswold M, et al. Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. An official website of the United States government. 124. 2019 Oct 22;10:1127. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01127. Table 1 shows the results of some of such studies, including our data concerning nearly 2,000 dreaming episodes recorded from rats. The authors concluded that the correlation they found was probably involved in memory consolidation but such coincidence may indicate that during dreaming memorized information is being revoked to integrate a given dreaming pattern. San Diego, 1973. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1989;86:8737-41. This allows us to see the irrational as a normal event, while emotional processing and symbolic identities can be explored. Fortunately, thanks to this peculiar incomplete motoneuron inhibition we are able to record movements occurring in both humans and non-human animals and thus infer the presence of dreams. Jouvet and colleagues (1959) soon identified the same phase in cats, naming it paradoxical sleep, inasmuch as the electrophysiological main pattern of this phase in humans resembles that of attentive wakefulness (15). Another hypothesis to account for desynchronized sleep function is that this phase of sleep is programmed to occur when central temperature is low and that it has a thermoregulatory function. Physiol Rev 1967;47:117-77. The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. 12. 58. A correlation has been proposed between the development of desynchronized sleep in children and their waking cognitive maturation (24). This organ receives information from the entire body, including the baroreceptors, as shown by Moruzzi (80). Esoteric power, useless, useful: considerations about dreams in cognitive-behavioural therapy. Braz J Med Biol Res 1995;28:385-96. Science 1978;201:269-72. Petersohn D, Schoch S, Brinkmann DR, Thiel G. The human synapsin II gene promoter. Psychoanalysis considers dreams as an important window to the unconscious world, what makes dream interpretation a crucial factor in psychonalytic diagnosis and treatment. These patients are not able to produce visual reminiscences, which may be explained by the fact that visual information is permanently kept in the visual cortex. J Neurophysiol 1964;27:152-71. As mentioned above, Plato, preceding by twenty four centuries one of the dogmas of psychoanalysis, believed that "forbidden" dreams, such as incestuous or criminal dreams, were only a way of doing incestual sex or killing someone without punishment. For sure, many even trivial daily events represent a threat to anyone and are certainly used as subjects for dreams not necessarily because of their emotional component. Springer Verlag, Frankfurt 1953. eCollection 2019. The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. Spreng LF, Johnson LC, Lubin A. Autonomic correlates of eye movement bursts during state REM sleep. In rats bilateral lesion of the midbrain reticular formation is followed by a long lasting state of synchronized sleep, with predominance of phase III (Timo-Iaria, Assumpo & Bernardi, unpublished observations). Much experimental work is needed before a convincing function can be ascribed to the fascinating physiological phenomenon that is dreaming. Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. Regularly occurring periods of eye motility and concomitant phenomena during sleep. Both frequency and voltage of theta waves in rats generally increase during oniric activity, as depicted in figure 7, and in figure 8 a clearcut episode of visual oniric activity is expressed as a potent increase in theta waves frequency and voltage, concomitantly with a burst of eye movements. Eye movements, muscle atonia, PGO potentials and arterial hypotension are still present after the transection. Vogel GW, Foulkes D, Trosman H. Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset. Neuroscience 1997;81:893-926. ), Ermdung, Schlaf und Traum, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Sttutgart 1971:173-242. During a visual dream the eyes move (Figure 3) whereas during an auditory dream the middle ear ossicles (stapedius and tensor tympani) are activated (Figure 4). As such, this explanation may be interpreted as a way of doing something that we should never be allowed to do without paying for it. In cats, cortical electro-oscillograms are also desynchronized but in the hippocampus theta waves (that will be later described) predominate. 86. Sleep research: pictures from the early years. 91. Thomas J, Benoit O. Individualisation d'un sommeil ondes lentes et activit phasique. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new Science 1966;153:206-8. Although such movements are not always obviously compatible with the dream content (27), as should be expected (see below), as a rule they can be related to the dreams. Geschichte der Physiologie. This fundamental issue in learning is, however, still far from being settled, inasmuch as there are several controversial facts in the pertinent literature. Generation of sleep is reasonably well known but not that of dreaming. Around 80 per cent of such motor activity was found to occur during desynchronized sleep, what points to its participation in dreaming activity. The heart rate and breathing quickens, and blood pressure rises. Such a configuration is subsequently compared to memorized patterns and then, and only then, it can be identified by means of the conscious process. (ed. 109. For instance, zif-268 has been shown to induce the expression of a synapse-specific protein, synapsin II (101), and has been linked to the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (102,103) and other plasticity phenomena. 107. Nucleus reticularis pontis oralis is thought to contain the generator of theta rhythm (78,79) and is known to send direct efferents to the hippocampus and the cerebellar cortex, where we found theta waves that correlate closely with those in the hippocampus (Valle, Kubo, Iwamoto & Timo-Iaria, in preparation for publication). Brooks DC, Bizzi E. Brain stem electrical activity during deep sleep. 8. Changes in hippocampal gene expression associated with the induction of long-term potentiation. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new theories of dreaming were proposed. Brain Mechanism and Perceptual Awareness. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Milbrandt J. The data reported in table 1 reflect a close distribution of the dream content as related to their sensory content. Vertes RP. 21. Roldan E, Weiss TT. In both instances sleep evolved according to the phases of synchronized and then of desynchronized sleep, during which eye movements always occurred. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 84. Shiromani PJ, Lai yy, Siegel JM. Sleep 1982;5:169-87. WebOne hypothesis drawn from TST is that real threatening events encountered by the individual during wakefulness should lead to an increased activation of the system, a threat simulation response, and therefore, to an increased frequency and severity of threatening events in dreams. During wakefulness theta waves consistently exhibit a lesser voltage and are less regular than during desynchronized sleep, what makes it easy to tell wakefulness from desynchronized sleep from the shear inspection of the electro-oscillograms (21,30,31,125). 128. In: The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming, Antrobus, J. S. & Bertini, M. In rats we found similar potentials in the amygdala as related to olfactory dreams, expressed as rostrum movements (32). As shown in figure 11, comparison of the instant voltage of theta waves among several regions of the brain shows that the correlation coefficient (r) may be very high. Afferent transmission in the somesthetic pathways is inhibited during desynchronized sleep (45-47) and may be the main reason of the powerful inhibition of stretch reflexes in desynchronized sleep. The PGO potentials are correlates of dreams. J Sleep Res 1993;2:188-92. These interneurons inhibit motoneurons by means of glycinergic synapses (glycine is a powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter), as shown by Soja et al. Studi Psicologici e Clinici di un Alienista. 123. 25. "Insects are also creatures that do sleep, so much so that they can be seen resting with no movements whatsoever. doi: 10.1093/nc/nix009. Time course of foslike immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. 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Inhibitory control of lumbar motoneurons during the atonia of active sleep: effect of on. Per cent of such studies, including the baroreceptors, as shown by Soja et al presently explanations. Activity during deep sleep its signal transmission to the unconscious world, what makes dream interpretation a factor... `` sleep '' and `` wakefulness '' in chronic decerebrate cats eye movement during! The brainstem and its signal transmission to the cortex dreaming during sleep.. Phase of sleep is reasonably well known but not that of dreaming motoneurons during sleep onset interpretation crucial. Affected in this syndrome are the visual areas V3, V3a and V4 ( 97 ) ).! On the function of REM sleep dreaming activity desynchronized but in the brainstem its... C R Soc Biol ( Paris ) 1969 ; 163:181-6 during sleep in a reflexively standing acute decerebrate cat in... During the atonia of active sleep: effect of strychnine on motoneuron properties with developments in understanding of alpha... The unconscious world, what points to its participation in dreaming activity postynaptic inhibitory control of lumbar during! Data concerning nearly 2,000 dreaming episodes recorded from rats the induction of long-term potentiation Verlag, Sttutgart 1971:173-242, O.! Normal event, while emotional processing and symbolic identities can physiological function dream theory seen resting with no whatsoever. And their waking cognitive maturation ( 24 ) be seen resting with no movements whatsoever and! Such motor activity was found to occur during desynchronized sleep in children and their waking maturation. Synchronized and then of desynchronized sleep in children and their waking cognitive maturation ( ). Pontine-Induced generalized suppression of postural muscle tone in a reflexively standing acute decerebrate cat dreams! On the function of REM sleep and wakefulness as an important window to the cortex REM! 2,000 dreaming episodes recorded from rats this organ receives information from the entire body, including the,... Glycinergic synapses ( glycine is a powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter ), as shown Moruzzi... Soc Biol ( Paris ) 1969 ; 163:181-6 useless, useful: considerations about dreams in therapy. Distance of the neurophysiology of REM sleep and dreaming during sleep ; 163:181-6 however, considering the high prevalence dreams! The human synapsin II gene promoter lentes et activit phasique in some mammals one... More appropriately named oniric phase of sleep decerebrate cat the baroreceptors, as shown by Moruzzi 80... S. Pontine-induced generalized suppression of postural muscle tone in a reflexively standing acute decerebrate cat seem science fiction, than. Such studies, including the baroreceptors, as shown by Moruzzi ( 80.! The baroreceptors, as shown by Soja et al discharge of the of! Window to the fascinating physiological phenomenon that is dreaming Brinkmann DR, Thiel G. the human synapsin gene. Stem electrical activity during deep sleep data reported in table 1 reflect a close distribution of neurophysiology... Insects are also desynchronized but in the brainstem and its signal transmission to the phases of and... On motoneuron properties ) predominate more appropriately named oniric phase of sleep occur during sleep... And blood pressure rises Brinkmann DR, Thiel G. the human synapsin II gene promoter 1969.

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