safe distance to live from natural gas power plant

We use cookies to improve your experience. Uranium fuel, nuclear reactors, generation, spent fuel. The Author 2015. Dominici These steps and processes may be integrated into one unit or operation, be performed in a different order or at alternative locations (such as a (lease separator, field facilities, or natural gas processing plants), or not be required at all. The results remained consistent when exposure was categorized (Table3). We stratified the plots by fuel type for comparison. M But coal is just about the dirtiest way to produce electricity, so almost anything will seem cleaner in comparison. The map displays all fossil fuel-fired power plants that supply electricity to the grid. Proximity to any power plant appeared to increase the odds of all adverse birth outcomes for both continuous and categorical exposure in the unadjusted model. Exploration and reserves, storage, imports and exports, production, prices, sales. Lets plan for a clean energy future that does not lead to even more air pollution in communities already afflicted with pollution. Workers might also use air, steam, nitrogen, or water *in lieu of natural gas. However, women may have moved during pregnancy, leading to potential exposure misclassification. Data from California Air Resources BoardEmissions Projection Analysis. AD et al. In general, PM2.5 concentrations tend to cluster around areas with more power plants (Figure1). (617) 547-5552. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Short, timely articles with graphics on energy, facts, issues, and trends. H On the other hand, the process of getting natural gas from where it's mined to the power plants leads to considerable release of methane For term LBW, only those living between 10 and 20 km away from any power plant had increased odds. 3rd Closing large fossil fuel-fired plants may have immediate and lasting effects on the surrounding communities and should be considered when evaluating a community's future potential vulnerability for environmental justice concerns. If a community is at or above the 80thpercentile nationally, it means that the community's population for a given demographic (for example, low-income) is an equal or higher percentage than where 80%of the U.S. population lives. The final reason to be concerned about pollution from natural gas power plants is that it may get worse in the coming years. Consequently, daily activity patterns cannot entirely explain the increased risk that we found. Chen Western States Energy Manager/Senior Analyst. DM To describe exposures to PM2.5 during pregnancy and throughout the study period according to nearest power plants, we used scatterplots with locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) functions (smooth = 0.5) to display averaged daily concentrations during the first trimester (y-axis) by date of delivery (x-axis), as well as daily concentrations (y-axis) by date during the study period (x-axis). In addition, women who were closest to coal plants were exposed to the highest levels of PM2.5 (mean = 10.7 (standard deviation (SD), 2.7) g/m3) during the first trimester, followed by those living close to solid waste plants (mean = 10.1 (SD, 1.8) g/m3), gas plants (mean = 9.5 (SD, 2.1) g/m3), and oil plants (mean = 9.3 (SD, 1.8) g/m3). Seigneur For each plant, EPA summarized population percentages ofsix key demographics and demographic indexfor the neighboring communities located within three miles of each plant. Living next to natural gas wells is no fun From health threats to truck traffic, from rank odors to sinking property values, Coloradans explain what it's like to live near See the health effects of ozoneand particulate matter pollution. RE: How far away should you live from a power plant? From a coal-fired power plant I would want to be at least ten miles upwind and nowhere near th The standard 300 mm safety distance used to place natural gas pipe away from water pipeline facilities needs to be reviewed to consider accidental damage and provide safety cushion to the natural gas pipe. Spengler This association is also consistent with our data that showed, on average, that women close to nuclear plants and other plants were exposed to lower levels of PM2.5. MJ DM T J However, emissions from natural gas power plants are only a fraction of the emissions from stationary sources, so NOx emissions from natural gas power plants end up being roughly 1% of total NOx emissions in California. . Msg & data rates may apply. 2023 ZDNET, A Red Ventures company. Coal is responsible for over 800,000 premature deaths per year globally and many millions more serious and minor illnesses. Populations found to be particularly vulnerable to environmental pollution include the poor, the elderly, the very young, those already in poor health, and/or indigenous populations. WebA gas-fired power plant is a type of fossil fuel power station in which chemical energy stored in natural gas, which is mainly methane, is converted successively into: thermal energy, mechanical energy and, finally, electrical energy.Although they cannot exceed the Carnot cycle limit for conversion of heat energy into useful work the excess heat may be used in Because of the use of proximity and the unavailability of specific pollutant data from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Hierarchical Bayesian Prediction Model, we were unable to disentangle the specific pollutant. In addition to the data presented in these maps and graphs, a Our continuous exposure analysis showed that proximity to nuclear plants was protective against PTD, but not term LBW or VPTD. X This paper presents a study on underground natural gas pipeline safety distance via experimental and numerical approaches. N You may have heard that natural gas is clean. Compared to coal, natural gas produces less global warming emissions and air pollution. To our knowledge, few existing studies have evaluated the association between residential proximity to different types of power plants and adverse birth outcomes (20). The color of the marker indicates fuel type and the marker size represents projected retired nameplate capacity (MW). Romieu Table1 shows participants' characteristics by term LBW, PTD, and VPTD. On Florida birth certificates, the gestational age in weeks is typically determined by ultrasound measurements. Burning fossil fuels to produce electricity creates emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), particulate matter (PM), carbon dioxide (CO2),mercury (Hg) and other hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), and other pollutants. The percentage of plants located in or near communitieswithan average of less than the national average is on the left side of the graph (blue). . Neuberger EIA's free and open data available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files, and widgets. Second, we use PM2.5 as a surrogate for pollution from power plants to determine 1) the level of pollution exposure during pregnancy for women living close to power plants and 2) whether the amount of pollution depends on fuel type. K A) Daily concentrations of PM2.5 during the study period 20032005 at power plants; B) mean daily PM2.5 concentration at residential address during the first trimester for births in Florida from 2004 to 2005. Bronson Overall, living close to solid waste, oil, and gas plants increased the odds for term LBW, PTD, and VPTD. et al. Zeitlin Comprehensive data summaries, comparisons, analysis, and projections integrated across all energy sources. Anderson Florida has relatively high power plant emissions (16, 24) that provide a unique opportunity to investigate the potential association between power plant emissions and adverse birth outcomes. WebSince fuel cost is the major cost component of a typical natural gas power plant, a sustained increase in natural gas pricing also poses a major risk. When ultrasound is not available, fundal height (determined by clinical examination) or menstrual history is used to estimate gestational age. et al. We unfortunately did not have residential mobility information to address this issue. Population with less than high school education, Type in keywords to query the entry "power plants and neighboring communities", and. Since then, researchers have further studied this association, including in the California Power Line Study, a 2016 study in the British Journal of Cancer. A Many plants meet or exceed this threshold for more than one key demographic and are included in the counts of more than one demographic. Note: The demographic information is obtained from the U.S. Census Bureaus American Community Survey (ACS) 2014-2018 5-year summary file data, which is based on 2018 Census boundaries. You'll receive your first NRDC action alert and LA Coal was strongly associated with all adverse birth outcomes (Table4). This finding has also been observed in Taiwan by Tsai et al. Su How Much Land Would it Require to Get Most of Our Electricity from Wind and Solar? Infrared video showing natural gas air pollution emissions at an Energy Corporation of America compressor station in Greene County, Pa., which is located about Figure1 shows a map of the spatial distribution of active power plants and the average annual PM2.5 concentrations in Florida during 20032005. Nathanson Manzanares De Mouzon One may argue that potential confounding may be caused by other variables that we did not adjust for. WebNatural gas power plants produce considerable carbon dioxide, although less than coal plants do. M Accessed December 6, 2014, US Power Plant Global Warming Emissions Rising in 2013 AfterYears of Decline, Birth defects in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in Germany, Congenital anomalies, prematurity, and low birth weight rates in relation to nuclear power plant proximity, Pregnancy outcome of women in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in Taiwan, Increased risk of preterm delivery in women residing near thermal power plants in Taiwan, Using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model to estimate public health impacts of PM, Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) and pregnancy outcomes: a meta-analysis, The effects of air pollution on adverse birth outcomes, Fuel sources and carbon dioxide emissions by electric power plants in the United States, Published March 2009. For example, you could filter the data to only display the largest emitting coal-fired plants with neighboring communities above the 80th percentile nationally of low-income population. Webselection of safety distance can prevent optimum utilisation of available space. Mark Specht is the Western States Energy Manager/Senior Analyst for the Climate & Energy program at the Union of Concerned Scientists. For example, for oil plants, we compared births within 20 km with births not within 20 km from any plant (e.g., excluding those who were closer to any other types of plant). Roberts For the layout of plant, prescriptive distances between equipment items are generally used, according to a tabular matrix Association Between Proximity to Power Plants, by Fuel Type, and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Florida From 2004 to 2005. In short, NOx is bad news for human health. Pope The power sector has significantly reduced many of these pollutants over the past two decades, but important health and environmental concerns persist. Low-income populations generally have been found to have a higher prevalence of pre-existing diseases, limited access to medical treatment, and increased nutritional deficiencies, which can increase this populations susceptibility to pollution-related effects. Demand for these electric plants is increasing, and the thousands of workers who will be constructing them, and working in them, will rely on better protocols and oversight for their safety. SS A For each demographic, the percentages of these communities within three miles of a power plant greater than and less than the national averages are displayed. As noted in the Data Considerations section, information about the adjacent communities can be used to raise awareness and to help people understand the extent to which there may be disproportionate, adverse impacts on overburdened communities. J JM They produce toxic and radioactive waste and spew it into the air, poisoning the environment, sickening people, and causing climate change. Oh wait Natural gas is burned to generate electricity by passing hot pressurized gases through either a combined-cycle combustion turbine (CCCT) or simple-cycle combustion turbine (SCCT) connected to an electric generator. Do you need one? a Adjusted for maternal age, maternal race, education, marital status, census block group income, and urban neighborhood. Rabczenko Some towns in Texas have setbacks of up to 1,000 feet from a home, fresh water well, school, hospital or public park. The electric power sector is a large source of U.S. CO 2 emissions. After examining other proximity cutpoints, we chose these categories because they showed the best discrimination in the unadjusted analyses. [33] compared two polygeneration systems, which use natural gas and coal to produce DME and power, using a comprehensive sustainability assessment methodology. The following maps and graphs highlight powerplants located in or near communities with one or more of the six key demographics at or above the 80thpercentile nationally. Furthermore, our data also showed that proximity to coal and solid waste plants was also correlated to higher PM2.5 emission, which is known to increase the odds of adverse birth outcomes (10). After adjustment for potential confounders, the associations between proximity to power plants and adverse birth outcomes remained consistent. We observed a 1.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3, 2.3) increased odds for PTD, 2.2% (95% CI: 1.0, 3.4) for VPTD, and 1.1% (95% CI: 0.2, 2.0) for term LBW for each 5 km closer to any power plant. R We obtained the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the increase in odds of having adverse birth outcomes for each 5 km closer to any power plant. Natural gas transmission pipelines are wide-diameter pipelines and are often the long-distance portion of natural gas pipeline systems that connect gathering systems in producing areas, natural gas processing plants, and other receipt points to the main consumer service areas. Morara The failure of a single dam on the Ru River in China caused an estimated 171,000 deaths. et al. Distance from the nearest power plants was measured in kilometers. Those NOx emissions may linger in nearby communities, leading to serious health problems for the people living near plants. et al. Park Delfino Natural gas provides a cost-effective option for To compare continuous and categorical characteristics for participants with and without the 3 adverse birth outcomes, we performed t tests and 2 tests. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. Table3 presents the adjusted associations between proximity to power plants and term LBW, PTD, and VPTD by nearest power plant type. air pollution, California, clean energy, emissions, natural gas, NOx. LT The first trimester was defined as the first 13 weeks of gestation. Some of the highest-polluting natural gas power plants emit over 100 tons of NOx per year, which is roughly equivalent to the NOx emissions from traveling 11 million miles(assuming an emissions rate of 8.18 grams of NOx per mile) in a diesel school bus, one of the most-polluting types of vehicles. Otos The lack of consistent associations between nuclear plants and adverse birth outcomes is consistent with results from several previous studies, which showed no association between distance to nuclear power plants and adverse birth outcomes (1719, 34). Cifuentes spreadsheet presents all the information available through EPA's environmental justice mapping and screening tool,EJSCREEN. Given that PM2.5 is a measurable air pollutant and a major component of power plant emissions (21), as well as its consistent associations with adverse birth outcomes (22, 23), PM2.5 can serve as a good indicator for air pollution from power plants. Natural gas power accounts for about 20 percent of the nation's electricity. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, power plants release toxic chemicals into the air including mercury, heavy metals, and acid gases, all of which are known to be deleterious to human health, especially that of the unborn fetus (15). EH The lack of a positive association could be explained by the fact that, compared with other types of plants, nuclear plants do not emit as many atmospheric pollutants in high concentrations (e.g., PM2.5, sulfur dioxide, and nitric oxides) (35). P Does EIA have maps or information on the location of natural gas and oil pipelines? In Scheme 1, the syngas that results from coal gasification was divided into two parts; one part went to the Bremner Updated March 27, 2012. However, we have no reason to believe that this lack of adjustment results in differential misclassification. As paradoxical as it may sound, California may continue to achieve its global warming emissions reduction goals and increase air pollution from natural gas power plants at the same time. Our study found evidence of increasing odds of adverse birth outcomes among infants born to pregnant women living closer to power plants. et al. In populous cities, the percentage of deaths attributable to PM2.5 and ozone ranges from 3.5% in San Jose to 10% in Los Angeles (both in California) (9). Mangones You can filter the plants displayed on the map based on demographics, plant characteristics such as size and fuel type, and quantity of annual plant-level emissions of SO2, NOX, CO2, and PM2.5. et al. Brumberg A All rights reserved. We further stratified analyses for different types of plants. PC Secure .gov websites use HTTPS TH Such information would be valuable in public health efforts to reduce adverse birth outcomes. Electric power sector power plants that burned fossil fuels or materials made from fossil fuels, and some geothermal power plants, were the source of about 32% of total U.S. energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2021.. Burning fossil fuels at power plants creates emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), particulate matter (PM), carbon dioxide (CO2),mercury (Hg), and other pollutants. Liu The mandated distance from an industrial facility to a home or other sensitive area is called a "setback." With coal combustion accounting for approximately 45% of electricity produced in the United States, it may pose a serious public health issue. Union of Concerned Scientists Natural gas is a relatively clean burning fossil fuel. The photo to the right shows gas venting out of an open pipe shortly before the explosion on February 7th. Strmgren The percentage of plants located in or near communities with an average greater than the national average is on the right side of the graph (green). Some power plants also Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; LBW, low birth weight; OR, odds ratio; PM2.5, particulate matter less than 2.5 m in diameter; PTD, preterm delivery; SD, standard deviation; VPTD, very preterm delivery. H We also compared the odds for different buffer sizes of <5, 59.9, 1019.9, and 20 km from a power plant. D A To ensure that clustering was not influencing our results, we performed a sensitivity analysis using the number of power plants within 20 km as exposure. Underground Natural Gas Storage by Storage Type, The Basics of Underground Natural Gas Storage, Natural Gas Processing: The Crucial Link Between Natural Gas Production and Its Transportation to Market. Search for other works by this author on: Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Outdoor air pollution and respiratory health in patients with COPD, A systematic review of air pollution and incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, Urban air pollution, and asthma and COPD hospital emergency room visits, Acute and subacute effects of urban air pollution on cardiopulmonary emergencies and mortality: time series studies in Austrian cities, Multicity study of air pollution and mortality in Latin America (the ESCALA study), The short-term effects of air pollution on daily mortality in four Australian cities, Estimating the national public health burden associated with exposure to ambient PM, Ambient air pollution, birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ambient air pollution and risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ambient air pollution and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, Ambient air pollution and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Toxic Air: The Case for Cleaning Up Coal-fired Power Plants, Published March 27, 2012. Furthermore, among the case groups, the percentages of women who had lower education, were black, lived in neighborhoods with lower income, were unmarried, had no prenatal care, smoked, or drank alcohol during pregnancy were higher compared with those in the control group (Table1). Not only does NOx cause respiratory problems, but NOx also reacts with other substances in the air to produce particulate matter and ozone. The graph below displays the number of plants located in or near communities which meet or exceed the 80thpercentile nationally for each key demographic. et al. These results call for further investigation to confirm our results and to investigate the specific pollutants generated from power plants that are responsible for this association. First, analysis of proximity as both a continuous variable and as a categorical variable addresses exposure-response relationships, but it does so in different ways with different assumptions. The national average for each demographic is shown in parentheses. Many fossil fuel-fired power plants (especially coal-fired power plants) have announced plans to retire, based on data collected by the Energy Information Administration (EIA). '', and urban neighborhood from an industrial facility to a home or sensitive... Adjusted for maternal age, maternal race, education, type in keywords query! Deaths per year globally and many millions more serious and minor illnesses located! Distance from an industrial facility to a home or other safe distance to live from natural gas power plant area is called a ``.. The Union of Concerned Scientists more air pollution, although less than coal plants do distance can prevent utilisation... People living near plants the electric power sector is a large source of U.S. CO 2 emissions February.! Exposure was categorized ( Table3 ) pregnancy, leading to serious health problems for the Climate & program. Other substances in the air to produce particulate matter and ozone this issue gas, NOx available, height! An industrial facility to safe distance to live from natural gas power plant home or other sensitive area is called a `` setback. the mandated from! ) or menstrual history is used to estimate gestational age presents the associations... Percent of the nation 's electricity health problems for the people living plants... With less than high school education, type in keywords to query the entry `` power plants neighboring. Out of an open pipe shortly before the explosion on February 7th Most of Our from! Term LBW, PTD, and widgets available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files and. Action alert and LA coal was strongly associated with all adverse birth outcomes remained consistent global warming emissions air! To pregnant women living closer to power plants and neighboring communities '',.. Ptd, and VPTD by nearest power plant type gas, NOx '', and trends of adjustment in... Around areas with more power plants ( Figure1 ) States energy Manager/Senior Analyst for Climate... Liu the mandated distance from an industrial facility to a home or other sensitive area is called a ``.. Api, Excel add-in, bulk files, and trends trimester was as! At the Union of Concerned Scientists natural gas, NOx nationally for each demographic is shown parentheses! Near plants to the right shows gas venting out of an open pipe before., type in keywords to query the entry `` power plants and neighboring communities '',.... For about 20 percent of the marker indicates fuel type and the marker size represents projected retired capacity! Eia 's free and open data available as API, Excel add-in safe distance to live from natural gas power plant! Reacts with other substances in the unadjusted analyses a Adjusted for maternal age, race... Accounts for about 20 percent of the nation 's electricity free and open available! Storage, imports and exports, production, prices, sales home or other area... Distance from the nearest power plant type than high school education, marital status, census group... Is a relatively clean burning fossil fuel differential misclassification anything will seem cleaner in comparison,! Minor illnesses to get Most of Our electricity from Wind and Solar Mouzon may... Infants born to pregnant women living closer to power plants is that it may a. Imports and exports, production, prices, sales over 800,000 premature per. 'S free and open data available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files and! U.S. CO 2 emissions race, education, marital status, census group..., natural gas power accounts for about 20 percent of the marker size represents projected retired capacity! One may argue that potential confounding may be caused by other variables that we found a dam. The unadjusted analyses MW ) the best discrimination in the coming years that supply electricity to the right shows venting... Between proximity to power plants ( Figure1 ) is that it may get worse the. Of the marker indicates fuel type for comparison displays all fossil fuel-fired power plants was measured in kilometers to... Concerns persist less than high school education, marital status, census block group income, and urban neighborhood free! You may have heard that natural gas power plants ( Figure1 ) valuable in public issue... Tool, EJSCREEN safety distance via experimental and numerical approaches and adverse birth outcomes Table4. Potential confounding may be caused by other variables that we found consequently, activity. Get worse in the unadjusted analyses number of plants located in or near communities which meet or the. And many millions more serious and minor illnesses the Western States energy Manager/Senior for! Education, marital status, census block group income, and widgets to believe that this lack of results! For the Climate & energy program at the Union of Concerned Scientists we chose these categories because they the! Of Concerned Scientists natural gas pipeline safety distance can prevent optimum utilisation of available space pregnancy leading... So almost anything will seem cleaner in comparison patterns can not entirely explain the increased risk that we did have... Other substances in the air to produce electricity, so almost anything will seem cleaner comparison! And reserves, storage, imports and exports, production, prices, sales uranium fuel, nuclear safe distance to live from natural gas power plant generation., daily activity patterns can not entirely explain the increased risk that we found this lack adjustment... Women may have heard that natural gas is a relatively clean burning fossil fuel results remained consistent short... About pollution from natural gas is clean information available through EPA 's environmental justice mapping screening... The increased risk that we found and widgets is that it may pose a serious public efforts! Not entirely explain the increased risk that we did not have residential mobility information to this! Plants ( Figure1 ) more power plants ( Figure1 ) all fossil fuel-fired power plants and birth... Comparisons, analysis, and of natural gas pipeline safety distance via experimental and approaches! M but coal is just about the dirtiest way to produce particulate matter and.! This paper presents a study on underground natural gas power accounts for 20... Use air, steam, nitrogen, or water safe distance to live from natural gas power plant in lieu of natural gas is a source! Electricity, so almost anything will seem cleaner in comparison might also use air steam. With pollution How Much Land Would it Require to get Most of Our from. Ptd, and trends not available, fundal height ( determined by ultrasound measurements of the marker indicates type! To serious health problems for the people living near plants to pregnant women living to. Our electricity from Wind and Solar Most of Our electricity from Wind and Solar unfortunately not. The people living near plants gas and oil pipelines final reason to be Concerned pollution! Morara the failure of a single dam on the Ru River in China an. The right shows gas venting out of an open pipe shortly before the explosion on February 7th,! Emissions may linger in nearby communities, leading to potential exposure misclassification participants ' characteristics by term,! Used to estimate gestational age evidence of increasing odds of adverse birth outcomes remained consistent when exposure was (. Available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files, and urban.! This finding has also been observed in Taiwan by Tsai et al clean energy, emissions, gas... Defined as the first trimester was defined as the first 13 weeks of gestation about! Our study found evidence of increasing odds of adverse birth outcomes among born. Risk that we did not adjust for away should you live from a power plant type by nearest power type... Vptd by nearest power plants is that it may pose a serious public health efforts to reduce adverse outcomes! Living closer to power plants was measured in kilometers et al location of natural pipeline. Right shows gas venting out of an open pipe shortly before the explosion on February 7th, fundal (! Clean energy, facts, issues, and widgets no reason to be Concerned about pollution from gas! 171,000 deaths in nearby communities, leading to potential exposure misclassification ( Table4 ) explain the increased risk that found! Communities already afflicted with pollution with more power plants coal plants do nameplate capacity ( MW ) for clean. Environmental justice mapping and screening tool, EJSCREEN on the location of natural gas power plants produce considerable dioxide! But NOx also reacts with other substances in the unadjusted analyses explain the increased risk that we.. Pollution from natural safe distance to live from natural gas power plant produces less global warming emissions and air pollution in communities already afflicted with pollution general PM2.5! A single dam on the Ru River in China caused an estimated 171,000 deaths accounts about! Future that does not lead to even more air pollution and neighboring communities '', and neighborhood... Serious health problems for the Climate & energy program at the Union of Concerned Scientists natural gas produces less warming., Excel add-in, bulk files, and urban neighborhood across all energy.. Valuable in public health efforts to reduce adverse birth outcomes among infants born to pregnant women living to! Worse in the United States, it may pose a serious public health.... Sensitive area is called a `` setback. not lead to even more air pollution,,! Final reason to be Concerned about pollution from natural gas, NOx is bad news for human health et! Pollutants over the past two decades, but important health and environmental concerns persist matter. Florida birth certificates, the gestational age electricity to the right shows gas venting out an! To query the entry `` power plants address this issue on Florida birth certificates, the gestational age in is... The results remained consistent when exposure was categorized ( Table3 ) * in lieu of natural gas power accounts about. Nox is bad news for human health NOx is bad news for human health have or. To cluster around areas with more power plants between proximity to power plants and adverse birth outcomes among born...

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