list of soldiers killed at little bighorn

Among them were two wives and three children of the Hunkpapa Leader Pizi (Gall). The precise details of Custer's fight and his movements before and during the battle are largely conjectural since none of the men who went forward with Custer's battalion (the five companies under his immediate command) survived the battle. We'll finish them up and then go home to our station. Locke on Battle Ridge looking toward Last Stand Hill (top center). Dunlay, Thomas W.: Wolves for the Blue Soldiers. After about 25 rounds are fired from the M1873 revolver using black powder, the cylinder binds on the cylinder pin. Behind them, a second company, further up on the heights, would have provided long-range cover fire. [14]:82 Historian Douglas Scott theorized that the "Deep Gulch" or "Deep Ravine" might have included not only the steep-sided portion of the coulee, but the entire drainage including its tributaries, in which case the bodies of Bouyer and others were found where eyewitnesses had said they were seen. ", Lawson, 2007 p. 50: "Custerrefused Major James Brisbin's offer to include his Second Cavalry Regiment [200 troopers], told Terry "the 7th can handle anything it meets. They immediately realized that the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne were present "in force and not running away.". [64] He then said, "All those who wish to make their escape follow me. As individual troopers were wounded or killed, initial defensive positions would have been abandoned as untenable. "[91], Custer's Last Stand by Edgar Samuel Paxson, Recent archaeological work at the battlefield indicates that officers on Custer Hill restored some tactical control. Reno's force crossed the Little Bighorn at the mouth of what is today Reno Creek around 3:00pm on June 25. From his observation, as reported by John Martin (Giovanni Martino),[44] Custer assumed the warriors had been sleeping in on the morning of the battle, to which virtually every native account attested later, giving Custer a false estimate of what he was up against. Thompson, p. 211. Events leading up to the confrontation were typical of the irresolute and confusing policy of the U.S. government toward Native Americans. Calloway, Colin G.: "The Inter-tribal Balance of Power on the Great Plains, 17601850". ", Donovan, 2008, p. 175: "Reno had taken one [Gatling gun] along [on his June reconnaissance], and it had been nothing but trouble." This defect was noted by the board of officers (which included Major Reno) that selected the weapon in 1872, but was not considered particularly serious at the time. [67] The great majority of the Indian casualties were probably suffered during this closing segment of the battle, as the soldiers and Indians on Calhoun Ridge were more widely separated and traded fire at greater distances for most of their portion of the battle than did the soldiers and Indians on Custer Hill. [92], Other archaeological explorations done in Deep Ravine found no human remains associated with the battle. [164][165] Researchers have further questioned the effectiveness of the guns under the tactics that Custer was likely to face with the Lakota and Cheyenne warriors. [78][79][80] David Humphreys Miller, who between 1935 and 1955 interviewed the last Lakota survivors of the battle, wrote that the Custer fight lasted less than one-half hour. Cambridge,1995, p. 108. Gregory J. W. Urwin is a professor of history at Temple University and current president of the Society for Military History. [60] Realizing the full extent of the village's width, Reno quickly suspected what he would later call "a trap" and stopped a few hundred yards short of the encampment. The Gatlings, mounted high on carriages, required the battery crew to stand upright during its operation, making them easy targets for Lakota and Cheyenne sharpshooters. [171] Less common were surplus rifled muskets of American Civil War vintage such as the Pattern 1853 Enfield and Springfield Model 1861. The remainder of the battle took on the nature of a running fight. [177], Of the guns owned by Lakota and Cheyenne fighters at the Little Bighorn, approximately 200 were repeating rifles,[178] corresponding to about 1 of 10 of the encampment's two thousand able-bodied fighters who participated in the battle. [92]:3948 Over the years since the battle, skeletal remains that were reportedly recovered from the mouth of the Deep Ravine by various sources have been repatriated to the Little Big Horn National Monument. By almost all accounts, the Lakota annihilated Custer's force within an hour of engagement. [118] Indian accounts also noted the bravery of soldiers who fought to the death. [54] Such was their concern that an apparent reconnaissance by Capt. [107] Both Crook and Terry remained immobile for seven weeks after the battle, awaiting reinforcements and unwilling to venture out against the Sioux and Cheyenne until they had at least 2,000 men. Cut off by the Indians, all 210 of the soldiers who had followed Custer toward the northern reaches of the village were killed in a desperate fight that may have lasted nearly two hours and culminated in the defense of high ground beyond the village that became known as Custers Last Stand. The details of the movements of the components of Custers contingent have been much hypothesized. [127], By contrast, each Gatling gun had to be hauled by four horses, and soldiers often had to drag the heavy guns by hand over obstacles. In defiance of the governments threats, bands of Lakota and Northern Cheyenne Indians (along with a smaller number of Arapaho) who had refused to be confined by reservation boundaries came together under the leadership of Sitting Bull, a charismatic Lakota who called for resistance to U.S. expansion. [228], The only documented and verified survivor of Custer's command (having been actually involved in Custer's part of the battle) was Captain Keogh's horse, Comanche. Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "This defect was noted by the board of officers (which included Major Reno) that selected the weapon in 1872, but was not considered particularly serious at the time. and p. 175: "Reno had taken [a Gatling gun] on his [June reconnaissance mission], and it had been nothing but trouble. Finally, Curtis visited the country of the Arikara and interviewed the scouts of that tribe who had been with Custer's command. Custer's wife, Elizabeth Bacon Custer, in particular, guarded and promoted the ideal of him as the gallant hero, attacking any who cast an ill light on his reputation. Indian accounts spoke of soldiers' panic-driven flight and suicide by those unwilling to fall captive to the Indians. Custer's force of roughly 210 men had been engaged by the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne about 3.5 miles (5.6km) to the north of Reno and Benteen's defensive position. Custers Ghostherders. [citation needed] When Reno came into the open in front of the south end of the village, he sent his Arikara/Ree and Crow Indian scouts forward on his exposed left flank. 16263: Reno's wing "lefton June 10accompanied by a Gatling gun and its crew", Donovan, 2008, p. 163: "The [Gatling gun] and its ammunitionwas mostly pulled by two 'condemned' cavalry mounts [p. 176: "drawn by four condemned horses"] judged not fit to carry troopers, but it needed the occasional hauling by hand through some of the rougher ravines. [67]:11719 The fact that either of the non-mutilation wounds to Custer's body (a bullet wound below the heart and a shot to the left temple) would have been instantly fatal casts doubt on his being wounded and remounted.[76]. The historian Earl Alonzo Brininstool suggested he had collected at least 70 "lone survivor" stories. According to Pretty Shield, the wife of Goes-Ahead (another Crow scout for the 7th Cavalry), Custer was killed while crossing the river: "and he died there, died in the water of the Little Bighorn, with Two-bodies, and the blue soldier carrying his flag". [155][156][157][158] In addition to these practical concerns, a strained relationship with Major James Brisbin induced Custer's polite refusal to integrate Brisbin's Second Cavalry unitand the Gatling gunsinto his strike force, as it would disrupt any hierarchical arrangements that Custer presided over. The Battle of the Little Bighorn was the subject of an 1879 U.S. Army Court of Inquiry in Chicago, held at Reno's request, during which his conduct was scrutinized. Reno advanced rapidly across the open field towards the northwest, his movements masked by the thick belt of trees that ran along the southern banks of the Little Bighorn River. In 1967, Major Marcus Reno was re-interred in the cemetery with honors, including an eleven-gun salute. This left about 50-60 men, mostly from F Company and the staff, on Last Stand Hill. [96] The only remaining doctor was Assistant Surgeon Henry R. Warriors could have been drawn to the feint attack, forcing the battalion back towards the heights, up the north fork drainage, away from the troops providing cover fire above. Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "Both sides [troopers and Indians] apparently believed that some weapons malfunctioned. Nichols, Ronald H. (ed) (2007) p. 417, 419. According to this theory, by the time Custer realized he was badly outnumbered, it was too late to retreat to the south where Reno and Benteen could have provided assistance. As a result of the defeat in June 1876, Congress responded by attaching what the Sioux call the "sell or starve" rider (19Stat. Twenty-three men were called to testify at the inquiry, which met in session daily except Sundays. However, it would incapacitate and few troopers would fight on after an arrow hit them.". Private Daniel Newall mentioned the problem". The intent may have been to relieve pressure on Reno's detachment (according to the Crow scout Curley, possibly viewed by both Mitch Bouyer and Custer) by withdrawing the skirmish line into the timber near the Little Bighorn River. They certainly did not have the ammunition to practice, except whilst hunting buffalo, and this would suggest that the Indians generally followed the same technique of holding their fire until they were at very close range". Isaiah Dorman (died June 25, 1876) was an interpreter for the United States Army during the Indian Wars. Battlefield archaeologists digging at the Little Bighorn have reawakened haunting memories and revived some of the bitter controversies connected with the Last Stand. Graham, 146. Col. John Gibbon's column of six companies (A, B, E, H, I, and K) of the 7th Infantry and four companies (F, G, H, and L) of the 2nd Cavalry marched east from Fort Ellis in western Montana on March 30 to patrol the Yellowstone River. [233][234], US Casualty Marker Battle of the Little Bighorn, Indian Memorial by Colleen Cutschall[235]. WebHe escaped from the guard house at Fort A. Lincoln and is reputed to have killed Tom Custer in the massacre on the Little Big Horn. The companies remained pinned down on the bluff, fending off the Indians for three hours until night fell. Reported words of Lieutenant Colonel Custer at the battle's outset.[74]. [145][146] This deployment had demonstrated that artillery pieces mounted on gun carriages and hauled by horses no longer fit for cavalry mounts (so-called condemned horses) were cumbersome over mixed terrain and vulnerable to breakdowns. WebThe soldiers killed 136 and wounded 160 Sioux. Marsh converted the Far West into a floating field hospital to carry the 52 wounded from the battle to Fort Lincoln. Map of Battle of Little Bighorn, Part VII. WebIsaiah Dorman. After about 20 minutes of long-distance firing, Reno had taken only one casualty, but the odds against him had risen (Reno estimated five to one), and Custer had not reinforced him. [166], Historian Robert M. Utley, in a section entitled "Would Gatling Guns Have Saved Custer?" Custer's remaining companies (E, F, and half of C) were soon killed. Riding north along the bluffs, Custer could have descended into Medicine Tail Coulee. [116], Indians leaving the Battlefield Plate XLVIII, Six unnamed Native American women and four unnamed children are known to have been killed at the beginning of the battle during Reno's charge. This force had been returning from a lateral scouting mission when it had been summoned by Custer's messenger, Italian bugler John Martin (Giovanni Martino) with the handwritten message "Benteen. [note 1] Three second lieutenant vacancies (in E, H, and L Companies) were also unfilled. 9193: "[Henryville] was named in the mid-1980s by archaeologists after they discovered a large artifact collection there, which included numerous .44-caliber Henry cartridges. The only approach to a line was where 5 or 6 [dead] horses found at equal distances, like skirmishers [part of Lt. Calhoun's Company L]. Sklenar, 2000, p. 163: "the village contained possibly 1,200 lodges, plus several hundred wikiups housing individual warriors. Today a list of positively known casualties exists that lists 99 names, attributed and consolidated to 31 identified warriors. [46] Fearing that the village would break up into small bands that he would have to chase, Custer began to prepare for an immediate attack. Some Lakota oral histories assert that Custer, having sustained a wound, committed suicide to avoid capture and subsequent torture. Mitch Boyer, scout and interpreter, who was killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Gunpowder of the day is now known as black powder. [115] In 1881, Red Horse told Dr. C. E. McChesney the same numbers but in a series of drawings done by Red Horse to illustrate the battle, he drew only sixty figures representing Lakota and Cheyenne casualties. Later, the troops would have bunched together in defensive positions and are alleged to have shot their remaining horses as cover. Frederick W. Benteen to the south to cut off the flight of any Indians in that direction, and took five companies under his personal command to attack the village from the north. While investigating the battlefield, Lieutenant General Nelson A. The Crow scout White Man Runs Him was the first to tell General Terry's officers that Custer's force had "been wiped out." "[88] One Hunkpapa Sioux warrior, Moving Robe, noted that "It was a hotly contested battle",[89] while another, Iron Hawk, stated: "The Indians pressed and crowded right in around Custer Hill. [179], The troops under Custer's command carried two regulation firearms authorized and issued by the U.S. Army in early 1876: the breech-loading, single-shot Springfield Model 1873 carbine, and the 1873 Colt single-action revolver. He ordered his troopers to dismount and deploy in a skirmish line, according to standard army doctrine. Donovan, 2008, p. 440: footnote, "the carbine extractor problem did exist, though it probably had little impact on the outcome of the battle. [201], Whether the reported malfunction of the Model 1873 Springfield carbine issued to the 7th Cavalry contributed to their defeat has been debated for years. White, Richard: "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries". A steep bank, some 8 feet (2.4m) high, awaited the mounted men as they crossed the river; some horses fell back onto others below them. The Indians had left a single teepee standing (some reports mention a second that had been partially dismantled), and in it was the body of a Sans Arc warrior, Old She-Bear, who had been wounded in the battle. Custer refused the assistance, and Terry abided by that. The Sioux killed all these different soldiers in the ravine. Comanche eventually was returned to the fort and became the regimental mascot. Two men from the 7th Cavalry, the young Crow scout Ashishishe (known in English as Curley) and the trooper Peter Thompson, claimed to have seen Custer engage the Indians. In 1908, Edward Curtis, the famed ethnologist and photographer of the Native American Indians, made a detailed personal study of the battle, interviewing many of those who had fought or taken part in it. Miles took command of the effort in October 1876. After a night's march, the tired officer who was sent with the scouts could see neither, and when Custer joined them, he was also unable to make the sighting. He sent three companies under the command of Maj. Marcus A. Reno to charge straight into the village, dispatched three companies under Capt. [117] Few on the non-Indian side questioned the conduct of the enlisted men, but many questioned the tactics, strategy and conduct of the officers. Pvt McCarthy enlisted into the US Army on August 15, 1865, at Philadelphia, PA. Lawson speculates that though less powerful than the Springfield carbines, the Henry repeaters provided a barrage of fire at a critical point, driving Lieutenant James Calhoun's L Company from Calhoun Hill and Finley Ridge, forcing it to flee in disarray back to Captain Myles Keogh's I Company and leading to the disintegration of that wing of Custer's Battalion. Golden was shot while firing from a shallow rifle pit on the bluff defended by Reno and Benteen. All Army plans were based on the incorrect numbers. [142][143][144], One factor concerned Major Marcus Reno's recent 8-day reconnaissance-in-force of the Powder-Tongue-Rosebud Rivers, June 10 to 18. [29], Unknown to Custer, the group of Native Americans seen on his trail was actually leaving the encampment and did not alert the rest of the village. The "spirit gate" window facing the Cavalry monument is symbolic as well, welcoming the dead cavalrymen into the memorial. Among the Plains Tribes, the long-standing ceremonial tradition known as the Sun Dance was the most important religious event of the year. Custer chose to attack immediately. [45], Custer had initially wanted to take a day to scout the village before attacking; however, when men who went back looking for supplies accidentally dropped by the pack train, they discovered that their track had already been discovered by Indians. [64] Later, Reno reported that three officers and 29 troopers had been killed during the retreat and subsequent fording of the river. The troops found most of Custer's dead men stripped of their clothing, ritually mutilated, and in a state of decomposition, making identification of many impossible. Companies C, D, and I of the 6th Infantry moved along the Yellowstone River from Fort Buford on the Missouri River to set up a supply depot and joined Terry on May 29 at the mouth of the Powder River. Wood, Raymond W. and Thomas D. Thiessen (1987): White, Richard: The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Earlier in the spring, many of those Native Americans had congregated to celebrate the annual Sun Dance ceremony, at which Sitting Bull experienced a prophetic vision of soldiers toppling upside down in his camp, which he interpreted as a harbinger of a great victory for his people. [55] Yates' wing, descending to the Little Bighorn River at Ford D, encountered "light resistance",[48]:297 undetected by the Indian forces ascending the bluffs east of the village. "[167], The Lakota and Cheyenne warriors that opposed Custer's forces possessed a wide array of weaponry, from war clubs and lances to the most advanced firearms of the day. Crook and Terry finally took the field against the Native forces in August. [92], After the Custer force was soundly defeated, the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne regrouped to attack Reno and Benteen. Custer's scouts also spotted the regimental cooking fires that could be seen from 10mi (16km) away, disclosing the regiment's position. Map of Battle of Little Bighorn, Part VI. Libbie Custer, Custer's widow, soon worked to burnish her husband's memory, and during the following decades Custer and his troops came to be considered heroic figures in American history. That lists 99 names, attributed and consolidated to 31 identified warriors force within an hour of engagement men called... E, H, and half of C ) were soon killed are fired the! Then said, `` all those who wish to make their escape follow me said, all. Brininstool suggested he had collected at least 70 `` lone survivor '' stories investigating the battlefield, General... That an apparent reconnaissance by Capt Creek around 3:00pm on June 25, 1876 ) an. With Custer 's remaining companies ( E, H, and half of C ) were unfilled! 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