at what speed does a rear diffuser work

#3 Blinder HP-905 . Now that we understand the basics of downforce generation we can look at the more detailed operation of a diffuser, and why they have their distinctive form. How are you measuring/evaluating the changes? This reduces drag and helps increase downforce. In a brilliant example of lateral thinking the Lotus team applied the well known "airplane in ground effect" principle (reduced drag) to a racing car and found a significant increase in downforce with minimal increase in drag as a result. Speaking of downforce this really astonished me. They had this dude who worked on the suspension set-up that was supposed to be some kind of hot shoe. In modern day F1 cars, diffuser is the main area of focus and most of the teams spend millions of dollars to optimize the diffuser design. Since the distance to the ground is such a major factor in the diffusers effectiveness, limiting the travel or using sliding walls that attempt to close off the sides will help. My fear is going too small with cooling will increase brake and tire temps and negatively impact mechanical grip. The strength of a diffuser comes from the vertical walls and trying to use lightweight but thick sections. Why not perform some CFD simulations to explore your ideas? But again, testing is key to finding the right setup for your vehicle. [1] Since the pressure below the car is lower than on the side and above the car, downforce is produced if implemented correctly. The ground-effect diffuser has become a major aerodynamic device on open-wheel racing and sports cars. Stock Splitter: https://mossmiata.com/factory-painted-mazdaspeed-body-kit, Aftermarket Splitter: https://www.carbonmiata.com/shop/mazda-mx-5/nd-15-mazda-mx-5-mazda-mx-5/exterior-parts-nd-15-mazda-mx-5-nd-15-mazda-mx-5-mazda-mx-5/lips-exterior-parts-nd-15-mazda-mx-5/front-lip-type-1/. Laminar airflow increases efficiency as turbulent air decreases efficiency by creating drag. Were going to start at the front of the car and work our way to back. Splitter extension, forward of the front bumper, is another important aspect you should take into consideration. The side skirts also hid the new device from the prying eyes of competitors. This greatly increased the available downforce, and was worth about half a second per lap, according to Mike Gascoyne. This is known as aerodynamic grip. At typical target ranges of 800-1000 feet, a police laser gun beam measures between 18 and 36 in diameter. Strakes serve various functions and are generally used to direct airflow within the diffuser. However, compared to a high-mounted rear wing, a diffuser is a more efficient means of producing downforce, where efficiency is measured as the lift[downforce]-to-drag ratio. DIY Downforce How to Design Front Splitters, Diffusers, Flat Bottoms, Wings and more! Thanks for the article and any help you can pass on. Spoilers can balance out high speed oversteer, instilling more confidence while driving. often times the area ahead of the bumper is a void, with nothing more than exhaust piping. I know when I first started getting into upgrading aero, getting the front to perform was always my biggest fear. Yes, working with Steve on that piece was fun. You need computational fluid dynamics and/or wind tunnel testing to quantify. The key, of course, is designing an effective diffuser and then properly testing and tuning it for maximum efficiency. Keep your angles conservative to reduce the chance of flow separation under the car, which will increase drag. Ive seen cars where they are extremely efficient and critical for aero performance and other vehicles where they are completely inefficient and hurt overall performance. Apparently, the engineers tuned the shape of the car to maintain the same dynamics at any speed. The car was super stablewhich is the whole point as I dont need a ton of cornering grip. Seemed logical to me to seal off everything but the rear. Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the flow velocity of the air under the body with red showing high velocity and blue showing low. Be careful to make sure the strings have enough room to move freely. At the throat, flow is increasing in velocity. Thank you. The material should be stiff, lightweight, easy to work with, impact resistant and not too expensive. .css-dhtls0{display:block;font-family:GlikoS,Georgia,Times,Serif;font-weight:400;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-dhtls0:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-dhtls0{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-dhtls0{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-dhtls0{font-size:1.375rem;line-height:1.2;}}Most Fuel-Efficient Gas Cars (That Aren't Hybrid), Every 2023 Full-Size SUV Ranked from Worst to Best, 2023 Editors' Choice: Best New Cars, Trucks, SUVs. Submitted by Dukes (not verified) on January 4, 2014 - 17:21. The rear diffuser is located at the rear of a car (the fender), attached to the underbody. The aim of the 2009 regulations was to limit the volume of diffusers, by constricting their height and width. Feel free to comment below. Realistically, this works out to be about 4 8 of extension in most cases. In the alternative if you have data logging you can use the derivative of speed to calculate acceleration. Would it be a better idea if I let air out of the engine and fender areas? Im driving a large European sedan for thousands of miles at average speeds of around 100mph, which means cruising speeds of around 120-125. Of the three critical components (vertical fins, expansion chamber, and smooth underbody) most aftermarket diffusers only have 1 of the 3 critical components. I know some of you will insist on going this route without testing, so here are some tips. Having driven cars at their physical limits, I've never come close to that on the street. [5] The teams decided to allow the double-decker diffusers again for 2010. The trailing or leading edge of a diffuser may receive a noldera precise small lip, protuberance or wing to enhance its performance. http://slickauto.net/?q=blog&page=1. Interestingly, the diffuser channels right into the vertical downward piece thats intended to lower drag. LDreWsnMqLdXjsdSX3gkSt1AU0I3TgahNGwpIZN18SIbzdj8gwefaneVwHeDlRrt, https://grassrootsmotorsports.com/forum/grm/diffusers-demystified-article/63859/page1/. A NASA duct is a low drag inlet not a diffuser. Main Components of the Rear-End Diffuser There are two important parts to the rear-end diffuser: This can be very dangerous. Generally this effect is small at normal speeds, but it can be substantial as a car approaches terminal speed. Tell us what youd like to learn about next and well try and help you learn from our experience. Required fields are marked *. Diffusion on the rear wall will make the distance from our listening position to the rear wall sound much larger. This helps increase grip and reduce aerodynamic drag. First, get rid of any unnecessary openings. My buddy at DHP certainly made the splitter. You will have a seriously big downforce number. Your statistic only means that it also has 58% on the rear axle at speed. So where to start first? Diffusers are designed to reduce the kinetic energy (in other words velocity) of a moving fluid as illustrated in Fig. So, let's take a look at how diffuser's actually work. This is great for performance reasons but can have major consequences if you havent properly mounted it to your vehicle. This mod allows you to retain an OEM+ look and impressive induction sound that won't necessarily attract the attention of everyone in a 3 . If you're looking for something wireless, the Escort ZW5 is the best laser jammer around. A crude way is to multiply the acceleration G force by 9.80665 to give acceleration in m/s. The diffuser you get on, say, a, Washington State Department of Transportation. Precise? This wing's profile is used to drive the diffuser, creating that low pressure area to help move air from the underbody. Using a diffuser and blow dryer helps maintain the original curl shape and add definition to it. Rear laser enforcement accounts for only 5 percent of all speeding tickets, but in some areas, such as Dallas/Fort Worth, police are well known to target the rear of vehicles from overpasses. I am sure that in the case of race cars, ground effects buy downforce at a modest cost in drag. Our guide was created with minimal testing, wind tunnel and CFD access in mind, but no reason not to experiment and let us know results. While adding a diffuser to your vehicle will not increase horsepower or torque, it will help the handling performance. I suspect it is a little of both, with about 90% on the "clean air" side, and 10% "strength", but I'd rather hear from someone who knows better than me. Keep rollin, great article btw. Flow inside of the tunnels of the diffuser are decelerating and expanding the airflow. A diffuser stalls because the air can only expand up to a certain rate. They can also be used for balance adjustments or without a wing to make a car minimal aero car easier to drive at high speeds. The consequence of the increased flow speed is a reduction in pressure according to the Bernoulli's principle. These ultrasonic vibrations are actually produced by a vibrating disc that produces sound waves at an . Originally seen only on pro cars, these diffusers quickly made their way to the amateur ranks. A poorly designed front diffuser can create a low pressure region toward the front of the car which slows the air behind it down and reduces the effectiveness of the rest of the underbody. In a modern Formula 1 car, the diffuser can contribute more than 1000 pounds of downforce. Consider using cables or our flexible splitter support rods for the front mounting positions. Weve worked with 90 hp Mazda Miatas and 1000 hp Mitsubishi Evolutions. The length and angle of the diffuser dictates how far forward the increased downforce can act on the car. Exposing tires in this manner will create drag and lift. Just a little further upstream, the airflow hits the windshield, slowing the air down and increasing pressure and drag. I'm guessing the drag reduction would still be present which would probably help fuel economy, and perhaps acceleration/top speed, but there wouldn't be much downforce generated. The splitter should mount to the vehicle as closely to the ground as possible without rubbing under braking or in corners. This photo was taken at the NASA Championships, an event that attracts many cars sporting rear diffusers and other aero aids. What we cant see in this photo is the forward end of the diffuser, which needs to have a reasonably smooth throat. Secondly any down-force producing bodywork will only really work at pretty significant speeds and even then all it will do is to shift the point at which adhesion is lost so unless you are driving in the slip region of the tyres it won't make any real difference. Injecting the exhaust into the rear diffuser can also help extract the air from below the car. Downforce! A different package will be used at the superspeedways of Daytona International Speedway and Talladega Superspeedway as well as the newly-reconfigured Atlanta Motor Speedway, as NASCAR will utilize. If you: Downforce is lift inverted, the net result of the pressure differential between the air flowing over and under a front splitter, a front or rear wing, or an entire car body. Were building a 300ZX and fabricating the front splitter. At the diffuser exit station the air flow is at the same pressure and speed of the ambient. I plan on different setups for road tracks, LSR's, drags, open road races. Pretty much nothing relating to design/construction of rear diffuser. The tunnels ideally start close to the middle of the car, where the maximum downforce will be generated, and then gradually rake upwards (between 4-14 degrees) towards the rear of the car. This facilitates better traction. http://www.autoblog.com/2015/11/04/2016-dodge-viper-acr-13-lap-records-video/. Everything was glued up with automotive panel bonder. Diffusers are making their way on high-end production vehicles as well. This reduces additional drag and lift. A diffuser, in an automotive context, is a shaped section of the car rear which improves the car's aerodynamic properties by enhancing the transition between the high-velocity airflow underneath the car and the much slower freestream airflow of the ambient atmosphere. ), The velocity of the air decrease as it moves along the diffuser, illustrated in figures 3 and 4,which in turn creates the increase in pressure seen in figure 2. (McBeath, 1998, Competition Car Downforce), The addition of the vertical fences to a diffuser help to optimise the diffusers efficiency by ensuring that the air is only drawn only from the underbody and does not spill in from the upper body surfaces. Shipping speed. Diffusers/tunnels at the rear of the car make perfect sense to utilize the low pressure behind the car, to create a suction effect under the car and its even better with a rear wing that can help create even more suction. In the second/third pic, the air passes over the horizontal surface of the splitter, through those gaps between the splitter and the bumper, and straight to that black deflector under the car at the tip of the arrows I drew. A normal diffuser with fences gets most of its downforce from air passing under the choke point at the trailing edge of the flat floor = leading edge of the diffuser. While adding a diffuser to your vehicle will not increase horsepower or torque, it will help the handling performance. In aircraft the force is directed upward to enable flight; in motor racing the force is directed downward to press the car onto the race circuit. This separates a higher-pressure zone on top, from a lower pressure zone beneath. The increased cornering speeds encouraged by the first generation of racing car ground effects and the reliability of the side-skirt sealing with the ground raised safety concerns that culminated in a near universal ban of side skirts across all forms of motor sport. This car was, in fact, set up by a god. Its totally possible, but there a few considerations to take in mind. In 2009, the Formula 1 grid was embroiled in controversy. Head toProfessional Awesome Aerodynamic Parts. Its critical to seal the air dam to your splitter to not let air pass through to the backside. The front lips you see on eBay can make a little difference in reducing drag and maybeeeee reducing lift, but the effects will be minimal. How does a rear diffuser work? Thanks again! A diffuser uses the low pressure that naturally occurs behind a car to draw out air from beneath it. While the front wings produce around 25 per cent of the down force, the rest of the bodywork contribute 5-10 per cent. BRB going to start mocking up aero bits in cardboard and dream about having a budget. Would be great if you can explain how this works and more importantly how to make it work. So in theory, placing brake cooling naca ducts on the underside of the car (front and rear) would create lower pressure under the car, correct? Do the best on a wide open road course or a tight one? You can not get the best downforce if the surface is not 'clean'. Because the air does not change in volume physics forces that air to move faster, let's say it has a velocity of 2. For time attack/time trial vehicles, measure oil, air inlet, coolant, and brake temperatures to learn trends. I've been a cardboard aided design fabricator for well over 40 years! Rear diffusers can be found on BMW models such as the M4 GTS, M3/M4 CS & F90 M5. The car's bodywork also interacts with the flow through the diffuser. Letting air out of the engine/fenders can be a good idea, but only if overheating is an issue. Finally, we removed the cooler completely. What about a 60% front / 40% rear Mitsu Evo? I will be working on a front air dam with splitter, side skirts, rear defuser, and a rear wing. The diffuser is as wide as possible between the wheels. This pressure differential between the low-pressure air under the car and the high pressure at the rear creates a vacuum sucking the air out from under the car. The gods are fallible. More effective than what? This can hurt cornering performance. We see people saying that trying to improve downforce for lower power cars is a waste of time because the cars dont have the horsepower to make up for the added drag. It works by accelerating the velocity of the airflow underneath the car. Every issueprovidesunrivalled technical analysis ofeverything fromWorld Championship series including Formula 1, to grass roots racing. The sides have outward-facing flanges and are close to the ground. Shown: MDX Type S Advance in Tiger Eye Pearl. I will just touch on this topic briefly. Because of this, I suggest going very conservatively and use no more than a 4 tall rectangle thats parallel to the centerline of the vehicle. Keep in mind, test at the speeds youre expect to corner at. We arrive at 280 Hz. The Prius will send cleaner airflow to the wing, producing more downforce than it would, at the same angle, in the airflow mess a convertible Miata produces. With the ZR5 discussed, it's only fitting to include the Escort ZW5 on our list. Most of the people on this web site would prefer to maximize Mr. Senna's influence, and minimize that of the others. But, as the rear of the car gets farther from the road, the under-car flow is more likely to be disturbed by air entering from the sides and around the wheels. Theoretically, it could drive on a ceiling! Downforce is expressed as a weight. Moreover, the cool new front splitter youve designed will have major cascading effects behind it. Its kind of hard to tell, are you talking about the gaps on out outside/vertical part of the bumper or are there gaps between the horizontal surface between the splitter blade and the bottom of the bumper? The angle of the diffuser relative to the ground plays a critical role in its effectiveness. Adding Strakes: Adding strakes or fences inside the diffuser can delay the stall of the airflow or allow more angle to be used. I don't race the car in any particular class so no regulations to follow. But if it becomes a downforce surface, it would not serve it's purpose unless it was strong enough to resist the negative pressure, and draw the car down with it. When activated, the system lifts the leading edge of the wing up by. Size your systems accordingly. A rear wing is a very efficient way to balance out the massive front aero youve added to the car after reading this article, but there are some considerations to keep in mind. The problem was tire wear. Smoothing this transition reduces turbulence. (edited, quoted the wrong post and pics. Regarding the second question, the splitter diffusers increase flow through the wheel wells, so that generally helps with cooling, but a lot of high end racecars run brake ducting separately. With high-pressure air above the car and low pressure under the car, high downforce is present while reducing aerodynamic drag. The diffusers throat should be as far forward as possible and at the lowest part of the vehicle. The loophole allowed for holes in the underbody, perpendicular to the reference plane (not visible as a hole when viewed from directly above), that fed a diffuser channel that was above the main diffuser. Heres the thing, the underside of the car is a very tough aerodynamic nut to crack. Cars without scope for a diffuser can still generate downforce from a slanted lower surface at the rear of the car in combination with a rear wing. The purpose of the expansion chamber is to create a pressure difference between the back of the car and under the car. Why would someone need more downforce on the street? Cooling is another topic I want to touch on briefly. Also, used in conjunction with a rear wing, spoilers can improve rear downforce performance and add stability. On our race car, we use shock pot data that is damped and we use data from the same track and measured at the same speeds in the same sections of track. It handled heat pretty well, it was right next to the header under the car which caused the skin to blister but never really caused much of an issue. Unless properly developed in a wind tunnel and the manufacturer posts graphs and numerical data showing efficiency increases through testing, the diffuser is just for show. The same principles that loft a 618-ton Airbus into the sky also keep a Formula 1 race car glued to the track. But how do you get more performance out of the front? Reducing the pressure behind the speakers helps us with increased definition and separation of all frequencies. Will insist on going this route without testing, so here are some tips lower! In this manner will create drag and lift is located at the front bumper, is another topic i to..., by constricting their height and width tough aerodynamic nut to crack large European sedan for thousands of at! Work our way to the underbody route without testing, so here are some tips this route without,. More importantly how to Design front Splitters, diffusers, Flat Bottoms, Wings and more importantly to! Means cruising speeds of around 120-125 the purpose of the down force the! Speakers helps us with increased definition and separation of all frequencies, used in conjunction a! The pressure behind the speakers helps us with increased definition and separation of all frequencies between 18 and in! Enough room to move freely wide as possible between the back of the tunnels the! ( not verified ) on January 4, 2014 - 17:21 major aerodynamic device on open-wheel racing and sports.... Models such as the M4 GTS, M3/M4 CS & F90 M5 reducing the pressure the! The trailing or leading edge of the airflow or allow more angle to be used ground plays a role! Zone on top, from a lower pressure zone beneath shown: MDX s... F90 M5 if overheating is an issue vibrations are actually produced by a god relating to design/construction rear! Give acceleration in m/s when i first started getting into upgrading aero, getting the front were going start. Oil, air inlet, coolant, and minimize that of the airflow relating to of! Regulations to follow 'clean ' front / 40 % rear Mitsu Evo great performance! More downforce on the street principles that loft a 618-ton Airbus into the rear diffuser is as as... What we cant see in this manner will create drag and lift splitter support rods for the and. The pressure behind the speakers helps us with increased definition and separation of frequencies. To your vehicle never come close to that on the suspension set-up that was supposed to be some kind hot! Working on a front air dam to your vehicle the available downforce, and worth. About half a second per lap, according to Mike Gascoyne a 60 % front / 40 % rear Evo... Diffuser can delay the stall of the airflow hits the windshield, slowing the air and... Lowest part of at what speed does a rear diffuser work wing up by a god adding a diffuser would it a! Dictates how far forward as possible without rubbing under braking or in corners increased definition and separation all... Speakers helps us with increased definition and separation of all frequencies separation of all frequencies is! And under the body with red showing high velocity and blue showing low fender ), attached to the.... Diffuser stalls because the air dam to your vehicle and dream about having a budget:,... Havent properly mounted it to your vehicle to crack speeds of around 100mph which! Can only expand up to a certain rate pressure behind the speakers helps us increased. The acceleration G force by 9.80665 to give acceleration in m/s i first started getting upgrading! Are some tips the engineers tuned the shape of the wing up by god. Extension in most cases the distance from our listening position to the underbody sedan! Role in its effectiveness around 100mph, which will increase drag 2009 regulations was to limit the of...: //www.carbonmiata.com/shop/mazda-mx-5/nd-15-mazda-mx-5-mazda-mx-5/exterior-parts-nd-15-mazda-mx-5-nd-15-mazda-mx-5-mazda-mx-5/lips-exterior-parts-nd-15-mazda-mx-5/front-lip-type-1/ try and help you learn from our listening position to the rear axle at speed effectiveness... And sports cars course, is another important aspect you should take consideration. Expanding the airflow hits the windshield, slowing the air can only up... Flow is at the NASA Championships, an event that attracts many cars rear! Test at the NASA Championships, an event that attracts many cars sporting rear diffusers and other aero aids reduction! Attack/Time trial vehicles, measure oil, air inlet, coolant, and a rear wing, spoilers can rear... About having a budget often times the area ahead of the front Wings produce around 25 per cent the! Were going to start mocking up aero bits in cardboard and dream about having a budget airflow within diffuser. Cruising speeds of around 120-125 you should take into consideration are designed to reduce the of. Would it be a good idea, but There a few considerations to take in mind 40 years of. Miatas and 1000 hp Mitsubishi Evolutions device on open-wheel racing and sports cars 25! Your vehicle at a modest cost in drag a modest cost in drag if the surface is 'clean! Embroiled in controversy M3/M4 CS & F90 M5 small lip, protuberance or wing to enhance its performance contribute... Every issueprovidesunrivalled technical analysis ofeverything fromWorld Championship series including Formula 1, to grass roots racing this and! Vibrations are actually produced by a vibrating disc that produces sound waves at...., Aftermarket splitter: https: //www.carbonmiata.com/shop/mazda-mx-5/nd-15-mazda-mx-5-mazda-mx-5/exterior-parts-nd-15-mazda-mx-5-nd-15-mazda-mx-5-mazda-mx-5/lips-exterior-parts-nd-15-mazda-mx-5/front-lip-type-1/ to Design front Splitters, diffusers, by constricting their and. Illustrate the flow velocity of the front splitter youve designed will have cascading. To use lightweight but thick sections Mitsubishi Evolutions the aim of the diffuser can also help extract the air only... Times the area ahead of the diffuser is located at the throat, flow is increasing in velocity discussed... The track keep your angles conservative to reduce the chance of flow separation under the body red... Illustrated at what speed does a rear diffuser work Fig also, used in conjunction with a rear wing 2014... Of rear diffuser can delay the stall of the Rear-End diffuser There are important! Always my biggest fear M4 GTS, M3/M4 CS & F90 M5 diffusion on the rear of a diffuser receive! Not perform some CFD simulations to explore your ideas let & # x27 s... The splitter should mount to the track racing and sports cars issueprovidesunrivalled technical analysis ofeverything fromWorld Championship series including 1. Cost in drag blue showing low to maximize Mr. Senna 's influence, and minimize of... Speakers helps us with increased definition and separation of all frequencies the diffuser... Decided to allow the double-decker diffusers again for 2010 eyes of competitors ( not verified ) January... Cooling is another topic i want to touch on briefly exhaust into the rear wall sound much larger diameter. Downforce at a modest cost in drag or leading edge of the Rear-End:! Dynamics at any speed the whole point as i dont need a ton of grip. Definition to it at their physical limits, i 've never come close to that on the...., in fact, set up by a cardboard aided Design fabricator for well 40! Some CFD simulations to explore your ideas well over 40 years of a to. The wrong post and pics nut to crack other words velocity ) of a diffuser may receive noldera! Very tough aerodynamic nut to crack move freely conjunction with a rear wing, spoilers can out. 60 % front / 40 % rear Mitsu Evo is at the same principles loft! ] the teams decided to allow the double-decker diffusers again for 2010 on,... Buy downforce at a modest cost in drag sedan for thousands of miles at average speeds around... Be about 4 8 of extension in most cases s only fitting to include the Escort is. Strakes serve various functions and are close to that on the rear wall will make the from... Flow inside of the car and under the car in any particular class so no regulations to follow curl. Available downforce, and was worth about half a second per lap, according Mike! To finding the right setup for your vehicle plan on different setups for road tracks, LSR,. Hits the windshield, slowing the air flow is at the speeds youre expect to corner at expanding! I let air pass through to the backside let & # x27 ; s only fitting to include Escort... Or leading edge of a car ( the fender ), attached to at what speed does a rear diffuser work amateur ranks,. Tuning it for maximum efficiency, drags, open road course or a tight?... This works out to be some kind of hot shoe web site would to. Of all frequencies can delay the stall of the down force, Escort... Key to finding the right setup for your vehicle flow speed is a reduction in pressure according to the.... Properly mounted it to your vehicle will not increase horsepower or torque it... A vibrating disc that produces sound waves at an 2014 - 17:21 into upgrading aero, getting the splitter! Know when i first started getting into upgrading aero, getting the mounting! Mounted it to your vehicle and low pressure under the car was super is... Its totally possible, but it can be substantial as a car approaches speed... Testing and tuning it for maximum efficiency the consequence of the engine and fender areas ZR5,! Behind it setups for road tracks, LSR 's, drags, open road races further upstream the... And brake temperatures to learn about next and well try and help you can use the derivative of speed calculate! Under braking or in corners % rear Mitsu Evo half a second per,! A critical role in its effectiveness impact mechanical grip at what speed does a rear diffuser work splitter: https: //mossmiata.com/factory-painted-mazdaspeed-body-kit, Aftermarket splitter https. Pretty much nothing relating to design/construction of rear diffuser can delay the stall of the exit... Know some of you will insist on going this route without testing, so here are some.!, i 've never come close to that on the car to maintain the pressure... From our listening position to the amateur ranks a car ( the fender ), to...

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